Lunarpedia - User contributions [en]

Neptunium

2007-10-10T22:38:23Z

85.17.186.161:

latali
{{Element |
name=Neptunium |
symbol=Np |
available= |
need= |
number=93 |
mass=[237] |
group=19 |
period=N/A |
phase=Solid |
series=Actinide |
density=20.2 g/cm3 |
melts=910K, 637Â°C, 1179Â°F |
boils=4273K, 4000Â°C, 7232Â°F |
isotopes=none |
prior=[[Uranium|U]] |
next=[[Plutonium|Pu]] |
above=[[Promethium|Pm]] |
aprior=[[Neodymium|Nd]] |
anext=[[Samarium|Sm]] |
below=N/A |
bprior=N/A |
bnext=N/A |
radius=175 |
bohr= |
covalent= |
vdwr= |
irad=(+5) 75 |
ipot=6.27 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f4 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 |
eshell=2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 |
enega=1.3 |
eaffin=- |
oxstat=6, '''5''', 4, 3 |
magn=? |
cryst=Orthohombic |
}}
'''Neptunium''' is a Actinide metal.
It has a Orthohombic crystalline structure.
It does not have any isotopes considered to be natural. Its longest-lived known isotope has an atomic number of 237.
This element has no stable isotopes.
 

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Actinide]]

Help:Contents

2007-10-10T22:37:49Z

85.17.186.161:

monvivarpasa
reltrpa
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[[Category:Help]]

Samarium

2007-10-10T22:36:44Z

85.17.186.161:

rotrocm
{{Element |
name=Samarium |
symbol=Sm |
available= |
need= |
number=62 |
mass=150.36 |
group=19 |
period=N/A |
phase=Solid |
series=Lanthanide |
density=7.52 g/cm3 |
melts=1345K, 1072Â°C, 1962Â°F |
boils=2067K, 1794Â°C, 3261Â°F |
isotopes=144 150 152 154 |
prior=[[Promethium|Pm]] |
next=[[Europium|Eu]] |
above=[[Yttrium|Y]] |
aprior=[[Strontium|Sr]] |
anext=[[Zirconium|Zr]] |
below=[[Plutonium|Pu]] |
bprior=[[Neptunium|Np]] |
bnext=[[Americium|Am]] |
radius=185 |
bohr=238 |
covalent= |
vdwr= |
irad=(+3)108 |
ipot=5.64 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f6 5s2 5p6 6s2 |
eshell=2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 |
enega=1.17 |
eaffin=- |
oxstat='''3''', 2 |
magn=Antiferromagnetic |
cryst=Rhombohedral |
}}
'''Samarium''' is a Lanthanide metal.
It has a Rhombohedral crystalline structure.
This element has 4 stable isotopes: 144, 150, 152, and 154.
 

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Antiferromagnetic Elements]]
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Lanthanide]]

Category:Astronauts

2007-10-10T19:22:57Z

85.17.186.161:

c4tricri
nodronric
An astronaut is a person who flies in space. The Karman line is 100 km altitude, or 328,000 feet or 62 miles altitude, and is the internationally accepted boundary of space set by the FÃÂ©dÃÂ©ration AÃÂ©ronautique Internationale. This includes persons who have not achieved orbit. NASA awards civilian astronaut wings to their pilots who fly above 264,000 feet altitude -- 50 miles high (approx 80km).

[[Category:People]]

Help:Contents

2007-10-10T19:22:11Z

85.17.186.161:

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[[Category:Help]]

Michael Collins

2007-10-10T19:20:19Z

85.17.186.161:

trmonalcersi
Best known as [[Command Module Pilot]] on [[Apollo-11]], the first mission to land humans on the surface of the Moon. Collins remained in lunar orbit in the [[Command Module]] "[[Columbia]]", while [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] descended to the lunar surface in the [[Lunar Module]] "[[Eagle]]".

Collins also flew in Earth orbit in [[Gemini-10]].

Astronaut Bio: Michael Collins [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/collins-m.html http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/collins-m.html]

{{Biog Stub}}


[[Category:Astronauts|Collins, Michael]]
[[Category:Apollo|Collins, Michael]]

Category:Transition Metals

2007-10-10T16:44:30Z

85.17.186.161:

monlirorol
acletob
liricc
Transition Metal Elements

[[Category:Elements]]

Palladium

2007-10-10T16:43:38Z

85.17.186.161:

rolacelcolir
viacelri
oulilac
cotaololichi
c4touchicna
{{Element |
name=Palladium |
symbol=Pd |
available= |
need= |
number=46 |
mass=106.42 |
group=10 |
period=5 |
phase=Solid |
series=Transition Metals |
density=12.023 g/cm3 |
melts=1828.05K, 1554.9ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ°C, 2830.82ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ°F |
boils=3236K, 2963ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ°C, 5365ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ°F) |
isotopes=102 104 105 106 108 110 |
prior=[[Rhodium|Rh]] |
next=[[Silver|Ag]] |
above=[[Nickel|Ni]] |
aprior=[[Cobalt|Co]] |
anext=[[Copper|Cu]] |
below=[[Platinum|Pt]] |
bprior=[[Iridium|Ir]] |
bnext=[[Platinum|Pt]] |
radius=140 |
bohr=169 |
covalent=131 |
vdwr=163 |
irad=(+2) 64 |
ipot=8.34 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 |
eshell=2, 8, 18, 18, 0 |
enega=2.2 |
eaffin=0.56 |
oxstat='''2''', 4 |
magn=? |
cryst=Face centered cubic |
}}
'''Palladium''' is a Transition Metal in group 10.
It has a Face centered cubic crystalline structure.
This element has 6 stable isotopes: 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, and 110.
 

==Related Articles==
*[[Platinum Group Metals]]
*[[Ruthenium]]
*[[Rhodium]]
*[[Osmium]]
*[[Iridium]]
*[[Platinum]]
*[[Resource Values]]
*[[Periodic Table]]

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Transition Metals ]]

Resource Values

2007-10-10T16:42:48Z

85.17.186.161:

albota
ouelroacel
rotacoudron
oloacrol
caougetno
'''Prices on Earth circa 2006, in U. S. dollars.'''
''Note that prices for resources in space will be significantly different, and may be dominated by resource availability in space and transportation costs, and that a troy ounce is 31.1 g, about 10 percent more than the avoirdupois ounce.''

{|cellpadding="10" style="color:white;background:black"
|- style="color:black;background:#7FBFBF"
|'''Element'''
|'''Price per Kg'''
|'''Price per Troy oz.'''
|'''Price per Gram'''
|'''Price per Metric Tonne''' (=1000 kg)
|- style="color:black;background:white"
|width="60"| [[Helium3|3He]]
| $1,185,000|| ||$1,185|| $1,185M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Aluminum]] || $2|| ||$0.002||$2,000
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Copper]] || $7|| || $0.007 ||$7,000
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Gold]] || $20,000|| $525-710||$20||$20M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Nickel]] || $20|| ||$0.02||$20,000
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Tantalum]] || $750|| || $0.75 || $750,000
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Titanium]] || $8.50 || $0.008 || ||$8,500
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Yttrium]] || $5,500|| $5.50 ||$4.58|| $5.5M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| colspan="5" align="center"| '''[[Platinum Group Metals]]'''
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Iridium]] || $20,000|| $300-600||$10-20 || $20M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Platinum]] || $35,000|| $950-$1,350||$31-$43|| $35M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Rhodium]] || $200,000|| $5800-$5900||$200 || $200M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Palladium]] || || || ||
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Ruthenium]] || || || ||
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Osmium]] || || || ||
|}

 
 
==External Links==
*[http://www.infomine.com/investment/metalprices/ metal prices]
*[http://www.mgb.gov.ph/aveprice-metals.htm price of copper, gold, silver, and nickel 1996-2004] from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau
*[http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/current_historical.html platinum group metal prices]
*[http://www.spectrastableisotopes.com/Catalog/Specialty_Gases.aspx prices of specialty gasses from Spectra] (including 3He)]
 

[[Category:Business]]

Help:Contents

2007-10-10T16:42:19Z

85.17.186.161:

zeltrc
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'''Quick Help to Get You Started'''

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[[Category:Help]]

List of Space Station and Module Companies

2007-10-10T06:39:25Z

85.17.186.161:

basnocna
{{Bootstrap}}

[[Alcatel Alenia Space]] [http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/space/index.htm http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/space/index.htm] 
[[Bigelow Aerospace]] [http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/ http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/] 
[[Boeing]] [http://www.boeing.com/ http://www.boeing.com/] 
[[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)]] [http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html ] 
[[Khrunichev State Research and Production Center]] [http://www.khrunichev.ru/ http://www.khrunichev.ru/] 
[[RSC Energia]] [http://www.energia.ru/english/ http://www.energia.ru/english/] 

[[Category:Components]]
[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Bootstrap lists]]

Lunarpedia:Outline draft/BREAKOUT AGENDA

2007-10-10T06:37:58Z

85.17.186.161:

letola
<big><big><big>'''''[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft|Back To Main Outline Draft Index]]'''''</big></big></big>

=[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/PRELUDE|PRELUDE]]=
=[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/WHERE TO|WHERE TO]]=
=[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/THE RETURN|THE RETURN]]=

=BREAKOUT AGENDA=

==ISRU - development of local resources==
===Raw regolith-based materials===
*Sintered regolith products
:Exterior paving
:Shielding systems
:Unpressurized structures
*Cast basalt products
:Furnishings
:Flooring
:Regolith handling components
===Raw glass uses===
*Indoor furnishings
*Artwork
*Tableware
===Minimally processed regolith products===
*Glass-glass composites
:Habitat modules
:Table tops
:Tiles
:Spaceframe spars
:other
*Fiberglass reinforced concrete
:Habitat modules
:Outside building components
:other
*Sintered iron fines
:Sundry small low performance components
:other
===Production of key elements===
*Oxygen for air, fuel, fuel cells
*Silicon for solar cells
*Iron, aluminum, titanium, magnesium
*Sulfur, sodium, potassium, phosphorus
*Chromium
*Thorium
*Metal oxide colorants,
*other
===Processing suites/cascades e.g. ilmenite: O>Fe>Ti>Tailings===
===Gas scavenging - harvesting Solar Wind donations===
*Hydrogen
*Helium(4) and He3
*Argon and Neon
*Nitrogen
*Carbon
===KREEP Potassium, Rare Earth Elements, Phosphorus===
===Specially enriched regolith areas===
*Low titanium basalt
*High titanium basalt, ilmenite
*Highland material
*KREEP splashout (Potassium, Rare earth Elements, Phosphorus)
*Central peek mantle extrusions
*other
===Polar water-ice harvesting===
*Ground truth assessments, quantity, extent, concentration, extraction options
*Coldtraps nearest to mare/highland shores
*Carbon oxide ices
*Other ices
*Ice refinery products
:Pipeline materials
:Methane
:Ammonia
:Water
:Ice

==Expansion Technologies==
===Prioritizing outfitting products for imported inflatables===
===Modular architecture languages===
===Modular biospherics===
===Modules made-on-Luna of lunar materials===

==Expansion Priorities==
===New capabilities, facilities, operations, industries, recreations===
===Increasing biosphere diversity===
===Increasing crop diversity & cuisine menu options===

==Expansion Human Factors==
===Allowing tour of duty extensions===
===Allowing fraternization, relationships===
===Morale perks===
*More personal elbow room
*Customizable quarters
*Flextime scheduling
*Arts & crafts using regolith-derived media
*Introducing lunar holidays, special festivities
*Fostering an "at home on the Moon" culture
*Physical fitness, exercise, sports, dance facilities
*Garden-enriched food & menu diversity
*Allowing births
*Finding weight-pulling functions for youth, retirees
*Escape valves (import bazaar, getaways, changes of pace, job switches, travel options)
===Allowing burial on the Moon===

=[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT GROWTH|SETTLEMENT GROWTH]]=
=[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/TRADE AND THE BOTTOM LINE|TRADE AND THE BOTTOM LINE]]=
=[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/HEALTHY CITIZENS|HEALTHY CITIZENS]]=
=[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/UNIVERSITY OF LUNA|UNIVERSITY OF LUNA]]=

<big><big><big>'''''[[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft|Back To Main Outline Draft Index]]'''''</big></big></big>

List of Lists

2007-10-10T06:36:33Z

85.17.186.161:

chicooumonsi
The primary purpose of this list is to generate lists of articles that are needed by Lunarpedia. You can start a missing list or investigate or work on an existing list of needed articles. Please to not hesitate to add list ideas to this list or article ideas to the appropriate lists linked to from here.

...or start the article or work on improving an existing article...

Existing but empty list articles should be found [[:Category:Unimplemented Lists|here]]. Please avoid creating more empty lists.

=='''A'''==
[[List of Academia]] 
[[List of Agricultural Pollinators]] 
[[List of Agricultural Products]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Agricultural_Products|here]] 
[[List of Agricultural Technologies]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Agricultural_technologies|here]] and [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Horticulture_-_homestead_gardening|here]] 
[[List of Analog Station Efforts]] 
[[List of Analog Station Designs]] 
[[List of Apollo Sites]] 
[[List of Architectural Concepts]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Lunar_Architecture|here]] 
[[List of Areas of Research]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline draft/UNIVERSITY OF LUNA|here]] 
[[List of Arts and Crafts]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/HEALTHY_CITIZENS#Lunar_Appropriate_Arts_.26_Crafts|here]] and [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/UNIVERSITY_OF_LUNA#Lunar_Appropriate_Arts_.26_Crafts_research|here]] 

=='''B'''==
[[List of Biosphere Technologies]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Biosphere_technologies|here]] 
[[List of Books]] 
[[List of Boosters]] 
[[List of Business Models]] 

=='''C'''==
[[List of Component Vendors]] 
[[List of Conferences and Conventions]] 
[[List of Construction Materials]] 
[[List of Commissions, Reports, Studies]] 


=='''D'''==
[[List of Discontinued and Cancelled Boosters]] 

=='''E'''==
[[List of Elements]] 
[[List of Equations]] 
[[List of Export Markets]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/TRADE_AND_THE_BOTTOM_LINE|here]] 
[[List of Exports]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/TRADE_AND_THE_BOTTOM_LINE|here]] 
[[List of Electrical Considerations]] 

=='''H'''==
[[List of Habitat Concepts]] 
[[List of Health and Fitness]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/HEALTHY_CITIZENS#Health_and_Fitness_in_a_1.2F6th_G_environment|here]] 
[[List of Historical Articles]] 
[[List of Human Resources]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/UNIVERSITY_OF_LUNA#Human_Resources_research|here]] 

=='''I'''==
[[List of Import Markets]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/TRADE_AND_THE_BOTTOM_LINE|here]] 
[[List of Imports]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/TRADE_AND_THE_BOTTOM_LINE|here]] 
[[List of Industrialization Articles]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Lunar_Industry|here]], [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Industrial_Diversification_Strategies|here]], and [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Cottage_Industries|here]] 
[[List of Infrastructure Considerations]] 
[[List of ISRU|List of In-situ Resource Utilization Methods]] 

=='''L'''==
[[List of Launch Sites]] 
[[List of Launch Systems and Vendors]] 
[[List of Launch System Vendors]] 
[[List of Lighting Technologies]] 
[[List of Logistical Considerations]] 
[[List of Lunar Based Sciences]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/HEALTHY_CITIZENS#Astronomy_from_the_Moon|here]] and [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/UNIVERSITY_OF_LUNA#Astronomy_and_S.E.T.I.|here]] 
[[List of Lunar Tourism]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/PRELUDE#Lunar_Tourism|here]] 

=='''M'''==
[[List of Major Settlement Challenges]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/WHERE_TO#Major_Challenges_to_Settling_the_Moon|here]] 
[[List of Maps]] 
[[GFDL:List of maria on the Moon|List of Maria]] 
[[List of Mission Designs and Options]] -- not presently existing reference missions to design 
[[List of Modules]] 
[[List of Museums]] 

=='''N'''==
[[List of Nonterrestrial Sources]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/TRADE_AND_THE_BOTTOM_LINE|here]] 

=='''O'''==
[[List of Observation guides]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/PRELUDE#Understanding_what_you_see|here]] and [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/PRELUDE#Observing_the_Moon|here]] 
[[List of Online Resources]] 
[[List of Organic Product Substitutes]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Substitutions_for_organics.2C_synthetics|here]] 
[[List of Organizations]] 
[[List of Outpost Activities]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/BREAKOUT_AGENDA|here]] 
[[List of Outpost Concepts]] 

=='''P'''==
[[List of People]] 
[[List of Performing Arts]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/HEALTHY_CITIZENS#Lunar_Appropriate_Performing_Arts|here]] 
[[List of Planned Missions]] 
[[List of Political Requirements for Colonies]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/UNIVERSITY_OF_LUNA#Lunar_Frontier_Political_Science|here]] 
[[List of Propulsion Systems]] 
[[List of Offworld Medical Risks]] 
[[List of Publications]] 

=='''R'''==
[[List of Recreation]] 
[[List of Resource Development Articles]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/BREAKOUT_AGENDA#ISRU_-_development_of_local_resources|here]] 
[[List of Resources]] 
[[List of Reusable Spacecraft]] 
[[List of Robotic Missions]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/PRELUDE#Economic_Geography:_chemical.2C_mineralogical.2C_and_topographic_resources|here]] 
[[List of Robots]] 

=='''S'''==
[[List of Satellite Articles]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Lunar_Service_Satellite_systems|here]] 
[[List of Selenological Articles]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/UNIVERSITY_OF_LUNA#Selenology_.28Lunar_geology.29|here]] 
[[List of Settlement Business Ideas]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/THE_RETURN#Making_Money_at_the_Outpost|here]] 
[[List of Settlement Locations]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/HEALTHY_CITIZENS#Scattered.2Fmultiple_sites_for_new_settlements|here]] 
[[List of Shielding Options]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/THE_RETURN#Shielding_Options|here]] 
[[List of Site Management Issues]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/THE_RETURN#Site_management_issues|here]] 
[[List of Space Facilities]] 
[[List of Space Station and Module Companies]] 
[[List of Standards]] 

=='''T'''==
[[List of Technical Terms]] 
[[List of Time Issues]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/HEALTHY_CITIZENS#Lunar_Calendar_-_Moon_Rhythm_Scheduling|here]] 
[[List of Transportation Systems]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Surface_transport|here]] and [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/UNIVERSITY_OF_LUNA#Transportation_technology|here]] 

=='''U'''==
[[List of Unmanned Sites]] 
[[List of Urban Planning]] -- see [[Lunarpedia:Outline_draft/SETTLEMENT_GROWTH#Urban_Systems|here]] 

=='''V'''==
[[List of Vendors]] 

[[Category:Bootstrap lists]]

Platinum Group Metals

2007-10-10T00:48:56Z

85.17.186.161:

tamonc4tl
'''Platinum Group Metals''' are commonly found in asteroids, most particularly the nickel-iron asteroids, and may possibly be found in lunar impact craters. 
The platinum-group metals (PGM) comprise six closely related metals: [[platinum]], [[palladium]], [[#rhodium|rhodium]], [[ruthenium]], [[iridium]], and [[osmium]], which commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic elements. Along with gold and silver, they are known as precious or noble metals. Platinum group metals are rare on the surface of the earth because they are ''siderophiles'', and hence tend to be segregated in liquid iron. This means that most of the Earth's inventory of platinum group metals is sequestered in the liquid iron at the Earth's core. Platinum group elements occur as native alloys in placer deposits or, more commonly, in lode deposits associated with nickel and copper. Nearly all of the world's supply of these metals are extracted from lode deposits in four countries--the Republic of South Africa, the U.S.S.R., Canada, and the United States. The Republic of South Africa is the only country that produces all six PGM in substantial quantities. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistical Compendium[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/stat/]
==Applications==
The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)â [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] â are outstanding. Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides. The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid. In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic. Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry. Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM. Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions. A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]

==Related Articles==
*[[Ruthenium]]
*[[Rhodium]]
*[[Palladium]]
*[[Osmium]]
*[[Iridium]]
*[[Platinum]]
*[[Resource Values]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/jmpgm/index.jsp The Platinum Group Metals Database]
*[http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/current_historical.html Platinum Today: Current and historical prices]
*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pt/index.html WebElements.com â Platinum]
*[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ Platinum Metals Review E-Journal]
*[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/ USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information]
 
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]

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2007-10-10T00:25:08Z

85.17.186.161:

letoro
geterroc4tal
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Category:Non-metals

2007-10-09T23:59:29Z

85.17.186.161:

eldroncr
Non-metal Elements

[[Category:Elements]]