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	<id>https://lunarpedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Arolah</id>
	<title>Lunarpedia - User contributions [en]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://lunarpedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Arolah"/>
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	<updated>2026-06-02T20:10:21Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Arolah&amp;diff=7695</id>
		<title>User talk:Arolah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Arolah&amp;diff=7695"/>
		<updated>2007-04-07T15:56:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Greetings Lunarpedia contributors&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I was looking over the atmosphere article. Before I start writing, I would like to know if it is ok to cite Wikipedia for things like links to detail of the Moon and Earth atmosphere for which they have very well developed articles?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[[Lunarpedia:Wikipedia_Import]] would be a good place to start, it's listed under Help in the navigation menu, not the most logical place for an experienced mediawiki user to look :-)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I guess maybe we should make a more prominent link to that page. &amp;lt;SMALL&amp;gt;''unsigned comment from [[User:Mdelaney|MikeD]]''&amp;lt;/SMALL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:You may cite any source you have and consider relevant.  If you lack a handy source, please feel free to include your information anyway.  Even 'Original Research' is permitted (and sometimes specifically desired) here.  If someone doesn't like your choice of citation, they are more than free to find another one to add to it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:...And welcome to Lunarpedia! 8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: -- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 07:59, 9 March 2007 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Welcome Thor.  You can post a bio.  (Follks I know Thor from SSI list, but I will let him introduce himself by posting a user page).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He Mike D, you forgot to sign you comment above! (no worries, we all forget somtimes)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cheers,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Charles R[[User:Cfrjlr|Charles F. Radley]] 07:06, 9 March 2007 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hi Guys,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks for the welcome.  I start diving in and see if you like what I write.  I'll check this when I log in if you have ideas of where to target.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks, Thor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Welcome to Lunarpedia!  I look forward to collaborating with you.  :D&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 18:56, 9 March 2007 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Charles, to forget, one must first know how :-)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Yes! Believe it or not, the guy who setup the site doesn't know how to sign a comment.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Mdelaney|MikeD]] 06:46, 10 March 2007 (GMT)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
PS Ok, now I do.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
I did a redirect for your ''lunar soil'' link in the basalt article cause WikiMedia is a pain about being case sensitive.  Clicking on ''Lunar soil'', ''Lunar Soil'' or ''lunar soil'' should now go to the same article.  I also directed the ''breccias'' link to ''breccia'' and added link brackets to ''iron'' and ''titanium'', as well as added category ''Selenology'' to the article. -- [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 20:47, 12 March 2007 (PDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
Looks like another Geologist is at work.  Thanks for the updates Jarogers.  There is bound to be some tweaks and tightening up to the articles I work on.  I'm not a very good writer at heart. - Thor&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Can I get you to take a look at [[List of Selenological Articles]] and tell me if i have ant typos under ''Mineralogy'' or ''Exodictionary''? -- [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 21:02, 5 April 2007 (PDT)&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Impressive start.  I'm short of time this week and the next so will do piecemeal.  Cheers&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Polar_Tower&amp;diff=6894</id>
		<title>Polar Tower</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Polar_Tower&amp;diff=6894"/>
		<updated>2007-03-24T19:43:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: The advantage of being at the pole of any object in space where there is a low degree of inclination to the orbital plane around the sun is you can build a tower to reach up to the continu...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The advantage of being at the pole of any object in space where there is a low degree of inclination to the orbital plane around the sun is you can build a tower to reach up to the continuous light.  This feature boosts the effienciecy of your solar panels to 100% all year round which is vital to staying anywhere near the poles in the dark of winter.  It also vastly simplifies your power storage for nighttime as well as the design of anything you want to stay pointed at the sun.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The moon is inclined with respect to the sun only 1 degrees 32 minutes.  This is a very slight inclination and with an average radius of 1738 km you do not have to reach up high to be out of the shade.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The formula of calculating how high your tower has to be is as follows&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Average radius * (1 - Cos(Inclination angle))&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the moon this works out to be something like 595 meters.  On earth you would be looking at a major structure because you don't want it to come crashing down in a storm.  The moon doesn't have storms so your need for overbuilding for wind factor is eliminated.  Because the gravity is roughly 1/6 that of earth, your height can be roughly 6 times higher without changing the size of the structural members.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So what you would be designing for on earth is a structure 100 meters in height and then stretch it out to six times as long.  This is equivalent to a 30 story tower which is smaller than many modern windmills.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Design considerations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are two types of designs.  The first is a traditional tower design that is fixed and all of the attachments to it like solar panels do.  The problem for a polar tower is the only really good spot is the top one where you can pivot 360 degrees without hitting anything.  The rest will have a moment of being in the shade of the tower if that matters.  This design is well suited for multi function towers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second is here the whole tower rotates with the sun.  The base is founded on a series of concentric train tracks that distribute the weight.  If you add to your tower, you just add more wheels or add a new concentric ring for a wider base.  This system greatly simplifies the tracking of the sun and makes it easier to focus everything in the same direction.  Really big [[solar furnace]] arrays can be built that are fixed in the structure and you only have to move the focal point a bit.   Additionally only one pivot connection needs to be made for electrical or plumbing connections which cuts down on maintenence costs.  This design is well suited for power generation only towers where little activity is done after they are built.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The third detail is the siting of the tower.  The natural cratered terraine of the moon is thought to include a few peaks that are perminently in the sunlight.  Siting a tower near one of these will significantly decrease the height needed to be in 100% year round sunlight.  Additional towers will have a relatively minor effect of shading each other and can be built all over the poles of the moon until about 2 degrees from the pole where the height requirement gets up into the 3-4 km range.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Assembly==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The simplest method for assembly is similar to the terrestrial building cranes obvious on the skyline of most cities.  These are module based systems with a crane at the top for lifting things into place.  On earth these can reach to 30 stories easily so very little needs to be changed in their design to adapt them to the moon or elsewhere.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The process would involve the robotic or manual assembly of structual units by welding together nickel-iron structural members.  Without carbon, these will be softer and more mallibile than the higher quality steels on earth.  Each unit is then lifted into place by a specialized crane attached to the rising tower.  This crane would attach the unit by welding it to the tower then advanding the same height as the structural unit to be ready for the next on.  Given sufficent supplies of nickel-iron and you could conceavably build a tower in only a few months.  This is an important detail because you have have 6 months of continuous sunlight at the pole if you arrive at the spring solar equinox.  If you get your tower up to a suitable height by fall then you will not have the problem of lack of sunlight during the winter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Asteroid advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Asteroids have a significant problem of being really cold.  If they possess usable building materials like iron dust then building a tower may be the best way of solving this problem.  The greatly reduced radius and micro gravity will likely make up for the lack of a better inclination.  If you can build a really tall tower of several kilometers, you would be assured of a steady power source in what is otherwise a forbidding environment.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Solar_Furnace&amp;diff=6886</id>
		<title>Solar Furnace</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Solar_Furnace&amp;diff=6886"/>
		<updated>2007-03-24T18:49:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: At an intensity of 1366 watts/m2, the lunar surface is idea for the use of solar funance technology.  By concentrating the sunlight on to a small area you can raise the temperature well pa...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;At an intensity of 1366 watts/m2, the lunar surface is idea for the use of solar funance technology.  By concentrating the sunlight on to a small area you can raise the temperature well past that necessary to melt [[iron]], [[regiolith]], incubate sealed containers to make [[silane]] or drive water off [[lunar soil]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Except for fresnel lenses which are great for [[solar welding]], the design involves using mirrors coated with [[aluminum]] to reflect the sunlight to a small point.  The back of the mirror can be of any rigid material and [[aluminum]] is a common element on the moon with a silver like reflective properties.  Due to the lack of wind and lower gravity of the moon, less than a tenth of materials are required to make similar size furnace compared to earth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Solar Thermal]] for details of how to use a solar funace to generate energy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The idea location of a solar furnace is at the lunar poles.  This is because a vertical orientation allows for easier access to where the point of concentration is and the sunlight is virtually continuous for half the year if not all of it.  Closer to the equator and you have the problem of a more horizontal axis and that means that your focal spot is above you in a hard to reach location thus limiting its efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Concentration methods==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Parabolic mirror&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This design focus all of the energy on a small point that blurrs due to the perceived width of the sun.  Reflective designs do not have the separation of light frequencies that refractive methods have and are thus simpler to focus.  The only limit on the diameter is how big your mounting platform can handle in terms of weight.  Using materials slightly thicker than foil is fully workable.  The advantage of this design is that it has both a single focus point and single point of angle adjustment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fresnel lense&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This involves a transparent sheet with groves that act like minature lenses.  If you use this to focus light on a highly reflective solar tube, you can transfer this heat to a specific location several meters away.  For the needs of welding, this would be very useful.  A fresnel lense of a meter in diameter would be enough to raise the focus temperature well over that needed to fuse iron.  Any bigger than this and you are likely to have problems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mirror arrays&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This can come in two forms.  The first is an array of flat mirrors scattered over the surface each with their own targeting control.  This is currently being used in the desert to generate power on earth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second is long mirrors that do not concentrate the sunlight to a point.  This is desirable for packing because to get high density you need a regular shape.  This would be efficient for really large scale solar funaces where the target point is a strip where things heat up.  This is the environment you need for melting things or keeping them at a high temperature for a long time.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Iron_Beneficiation&amp;diff=6861</id>
		<title>Iron Beneficiation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Iron_Beneficiation&amp;diff=6861"/>
		<updated>2007-03-24T18:16:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Beneficiation is the process of increasing the concentration of a valuable component of an ore.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Native [[iron]] particles exist in [[lunar soil]] in fairly large quantities. They come from [[nickel-iron]] [[meteorites]], which pulverise themselves and the lunar rocks which they impacted. Hence the iron particles are tiny (fine grained) and well mixed into the fine dust of the lunar [[regolith]]. But they are chemically distinct, and in a pure metal state therefore very little chemical processing is needed to separate the metal particles from the rocky dust particles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Magnetic separation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Iron particles are highly sensitive to a magnetic field.  There is a similar process on earth for extracting iron ore from sand dunes.  The method involves passing the sand and dust over a magnetically charged rotating cylinder.  The particles with some iron stick to the drum and are scraped off on the other side.  98% of the [[lunar soil]] would simply passes through and not interact with the cylider.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using several passes you can refine the result to about 80% pure elemental nickel-iron with the remainder as various oxides of iron-titanium.  Melting this mixture with some [[Anorthite]] will cause separation the because the oxides are lighter and prefer to form a slag on top of the molten iron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The power requirements of this mechanical separation are quite modest.  A robotic unit not much bigger than a desk could conceivably roam the lunar surface extracting iron dust from the top 10 centimeters.  At a concentration of 1/2% this would yield about a kilogram of iron per square meter or 1,000 tons per km2.  This is a very high yield of usable material close to any lunar facility.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==liquid phase separation== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The density of iron is much higher than the rocky dust. Therefore, it is possible that the different particles could be separated by mixing lunar regolith into a suitable liquid, then allowing the rocky dust (mostly [[Basalt]] or similar) to float and the iron particles to sink. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
density of [[iron]] is 7.86 g/cm3 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
density of [[basalt]] is 2.9 g/cm3 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Need a [[liquid]] which has a density in between, then the iron will [[sink]] and the basalt will [[float]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Possible liquids:=== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Room Temperature==== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bromine]] = 3.1028 g/cm3 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Cryogenic====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
None identified to date.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====High Temperature==== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Basalt melts at about 1900 deg F) &lt;br /&gt;
(Iron melts at 2800 deg F) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Iodine pentafluoride]] Density and phase: 3.250 g cm−3 liquid, Melting point 9.43°C (282.58 K) &lt;br /&gt;
*Molten [[Tin]] at 6.99  g·cm−3 (melting point 505.08 K (231.93 °C, 449.47 °F)) &lt;br /&gt;
*Molten salts perhaps &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Unsuitable liquids====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Molten wax is too light. &lt;br /&gt;
*Molten [[Lead]] is much too heavy at 10.66  g·cm−3) &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Silver]] is much too heavy&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gold]] is much too heavy&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Mercury]] is much too heavy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Mining]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chemistry]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:ISRU]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Solids]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Business]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Liquids]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Proton&amp;diff=6528</id>
		<title>Proton</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Proton&amp;diff=6528"/>
		<updated>2007-03-16T04:27:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: The proton is one of the basic units of an atom.  For the purposes of Space development, a proton is the same as a hydrogen atom and is the main component of solar wind.  Ionized protons c...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The proton is one of the basic units of an atom.  For the purposes of Space development, a proton is the same as a hydrogen atom and is the main component of solar wind.  Ionized protons can cause you quite a bit of trouble as they can penetrate fairly deep and are often accelerated to very high speeds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton Wikipedia:Proton]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen Wikipedia:Hydrogen]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Wind Wikipedia:Solar Wind]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Asteroid&amp;diff=6511</id>
		<title>Asteroid</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Asteroid&amp;diff=6511"/>
		<updated>2007-03-15T06:41:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: Asteroids are a class of small astronomical objects (Major planets, Comets) that orbit the sun.  The moons of Mars most likely were asteroids that were captured.  Those in high...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Asteroids are a class of small astronomical objects ([[Major planets]], [[Comets]]) that orbit the sun.  The moons of [[Mars]] most likely were asteroids that were captured.  Those in highly irregular orbits are likely to be the baked rocky core of comets that have long since lost most if not all of their volatile gasses.  In terms of size asteroids range from the biggest [[1 Ceres]] at about 930 kilometers in diameter to objects of a couple hundred tons of mass.  Smaller objects are considered [[Meteorites]] or [[Comet Debris]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In terms of Lunar and other space development the main boil down to these two.  What chance do you or your base stand of getting hit by one?  Are the asteroids a better source of water than the moon?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Categories of Asteriods ranked by semi-axis distance==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Near Earth Asteriods [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid]&lt;br /&gt;
::Aten [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten_asteroid]&lt;br /&gt;
::Apollo [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_asteroid]&lt;br /&gt;
::Amor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_asteroid]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Mars Crossing Asteriods&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Main Belt between Mars and Jupiter&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Hilda Asteriods that are close to Jupiters orbit&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Jovian Trojans [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_asteroid]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Centaurs between Jupiter and Neptune [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_%28planetoid%29]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Spectral Classication of Asteroids==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
C - Carbonaceous 75% of known asteroids (Includes B,D,F,G types)&lt;br /&gt;
S - Silicaceous 17% of known asteroids (Includes A,E,K,L types)&lt;br /&gt;
M - Metallic 8% of known asteroids &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lunar Meteorite Hazard==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The current calculated risk of an astronaut on the moon being hit with a micrometeorite is 0.0003 per six hour period (Lunar Base handbook p.526).  The odds of getting hit by anything bigger assumes you did not pick it up via radar and blast it.  The bigger concern involves comets and dusty NEO's that get too close.  This could cause a rain of medium velocity particles with a fairly intense flux.  As seen with the annual comet swarms, their trails extend for millions of kilometers and vary tremendously in concentration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Asteroids as potential sources of water==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the Moon turns out to have very little water that is accessible, the next logical place to get it is either Mars or the water bearing Asteriods (by spectral analysis).  Water is key for sustained development in space for use as rocket fuel and the ability to grow large scale amounts of food.  Without it you are always sending expensive things up through the atmosphere of Earth.  It takes a lot of water to farm with.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The closest asteroids with a strong spectral signature of water are found about with a perihelion of 2.1 AU.  Any closer to the sun or with an axial orientation angled into the sun and the water will have been evaporated from the surface eons ago.  THere many be water below the surface yet this is a gamble without verification.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Asteroids with near guaranteed water start with 1 Ceres which is the biggest and seems to have had the gravity to hold on to its water.  The density calculations for Ceres strongly suggest a rocky core and 60-100km deep ocean with a thin covering of dust &amp;amp; meteorites.  Farther out the spectra for water gets stronger and stronger.  If an outer main belt asteroid did not form from some major collision, it probably has water.  The trick is getting to it and exploiting it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The major drawback to all asteroid development is the distance involved.  Unlike the moon which is close enough to remotely control robots from Earth, you are looking at delays of 12-30 minutes before a command is received.  If you send astronauts they will have to be in transit for years unless you can afford a very large rocket.  At Mars you can at least count on aerobraking to slow you down.  Not so at the asteroids.  Lastly it is very cold on most of these asteroids and that can cause all sorts of problems when the temperature drops to 50 kelvin in the shade.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In short if you can solve the hibernation issues and do without base support for years, the asteroids are a viable source for water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Links==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroids Wikipedia:Asteroids]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet Wikipedia:Comets]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Arolah&amp;diff=6473</id>
		<title>User talk:Arolah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Arolah&amp;diff=6473"/>
		<updated>2007-03-15T02:50:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Greetings Lunarpedia contributors&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I was looking over the atmosphere article. Before I start writing, I would like to know if it is ok to cite Wikipedia for things like links to detail of the Moon and Earth atmosphere for which they have very well developed articles?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[[Lunarpedia:Wikipedia_Import]] would be a good place to start, it's listed under Help in the navigation menu, not the most logical place for an experienced mediawiki user to look :-)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I guess maybe we should make a more prominent link to that page. &amp;lt;SMALL&amp;gt;''unsigned comment from [[User:Mdelaney|MikeD]]''&amp;lt;/SMALL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:You may cite any source you have and consider relevant.  If you lack a handy source, please feel free to include your information anyway.  Even 'Original Research' is permitted (and sometimes specifically desired) here.  If someone doesn't like your choice of citation, they are more than free to find another one to add to it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:...And welcome to Lunarpedia! 8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: -- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 07:59, 9 March 2007 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Welcome Thor.  You can post a bio.  (Follks I know Thor from SSI list, but I will let him introduce himself by posting a user page).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He Mike D, you forgot to sign you comment above! (no worries, we all forget somtimes)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cheers,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Charles R[[User:Cfrjlr|Charles F. Radley]] 07:06, 9 March 2007 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hi Guys,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks for the welcome.  I start diving in and see if you like what I write.  I'll check this when I log in if you have ideas of where to target.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks, Thor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Welcome to Lunarpedia!  I look forward to collaborating with you.  :D&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 18:56, 9 March 2007 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Charles, to forget, one must first know how :-)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Yes! Believe it or not, the guy who setup the site doesn't know how to sign a comment.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Mdelaney|MikeD]] 06:46, 10 March 2007 (GMT)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
PS Ok, now I do.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
I did a redirect for your ''lunar soil'' link in the basalt article cause WikiMedia is a pain about being case sensitive.  Clicking on ''Lunar soil'', ''Lunar Soil'' or ''lunar soil'' should now go to the same article.  I also directed the ''breccias'' link to ''breccia'' and added link brackets to ''iron'' and ''titanium'', as well as added category ''Selenology'' to the article. -- [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 20:47, 12 March 2007 (PDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
Looks like another Geologist is at work.  Thanks for the updates Jarogers.  There is bound to be some tweaks and tightening up to the articles I work on.  I'm not a very good writer at heart. - Thor&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Basalt&amp;diff=6397</id>
		<title>Basalt</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Basalt&amp;diff=6397"/>
		<updated>2007-03-12T23:19:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: Basalt is one of four categories of rocks found on the Moon with the others being pristine rocks, impact related rocks (breccias), and lunar soil.  It is thought that the basalts o...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Basalt is one of four categories of rocks found on the Moon with the others being pristine rocks, impact related rocks ([[breccias]]), and [[lunar soil]].  It is thought that the basalts of the Moon are a result of partial melting of the mantle just as they are on earth and rise to the surface because they are boyant.  As a group the Basaltic rocks are high in iron and titanium and tend to have a fine crystal structure as a result of rapid cooling.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Minerology==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Railroads&amp;diff=6323</id>
		<title>Railroads</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Railroads&amp;diff=6323"/>
		<updated>2007-03-10T20:24:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Railroads are one of best methods of moving materials over landscapes.  In the short run they are expensive to build yet over the long run the prove to be very valuable.  Your other options are to go over the rough or paved surface in a vehicle or to mix your material with a liquid or gas and send it through a pipe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lunar Environment==&lt;br /&gt;
The soil of the moon consists of extremely fine crushed rock.  This acts like abrasive powder and will electrostatically adhere to anything in contact with it.  Vehicles travelling over the open surface will experience wear at an accelerated rate.  Paving a road with dust free materials does not solve the problem because the sunlight will cause the dust to climb up and over structures to about a meter in height.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One solution to this problem is an elevated railroad supported above what the dust can reach.  The cost of building such a structure compared to earth is greatly reduced due to the 1/6 [[Gravity]] and firmly compacted water free soils.  Rust and weathering is not a factor.  Electrifying the rails is quite easy as there is no corrosion of even calcium to consider.  If you build it you pretty much can count on it performing even under heavy load for decades if not hundreds of years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Mars'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With such a thin atmosphere and no oxygen, Mars has essentially the same dynamics as the moon only with more gravity (better cornering).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Asteriods'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All asteriod like objects have a gravitational force insificient for traditional railways.  The modifications necessary are two fold.  An upper tract must be added like roller coaster to be able to go a reasonable speed without jumping the track.  All materials must be securely fastened with either lids or binding clamps.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Types of Railways==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:'''Bulk''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the soil of the moon there is elemental nickel iron that can be easily collected and thus a strategic resource.  At a concentration of only a few kilograms per cubic meter, it makes sense to build a railway to open up new regions once the local soil has been processed.  This need not be a major railway as the amount of material that can be passed over even a model guage can be hundreds of tons a day.  The rails are easy to make from the iron so the real cost is in electrically powering the system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:'''Freight''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once you have a sizable base and need higher volumes of material, you simply leverage the existing facilities to build a larger railway.  Railroads are exceptional for automated delivery and could conceivably be launched like carrier pidgeons to far off secondary bases.  A lunar railway of about a meter wide would be able to transport virtually any freight.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:'''Passengers''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For passengers and large more fragile freight, you will need protection from radiation as well as the extremes of the solar insolation.  A railway with tracks several meters apart (wider than on earth) should have the desired characteristics of fast travel in secure accomodations.  Once you have a developed network of railways the need for vehicles to drive on the surface is reduced to a local level.  Railways are far less to maintain and last significantly longer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Design Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
:Thermal expansion issue &lt;br /&gt;
:Switching issue &lt;br /&gt;
:Derailment avoidance issue &lt;br /&gt;
:Vestibulation issue &lt;br /&gt;
:Gauge &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Motive power==&lt;br /&gt;
:Solar electric network&lt;br /&gt;
::Polar power tower network &lt;br /&gt;
::Maglev &lt;br /&gt;
::Conventional &lt;br /&gt;
:Nuclear &lt;br /&gt;
:Fuel cell &lt;br /&gt;
:Lunar fuels &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Right of way==&lt;br /&gt;
:Real estate grants &lt;br /&gt;
:Siding-based starter settlements &lt;br /&gt;
:Pipelines &lt;br /&gt;
:Roads &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Transportation]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Gravity&amp;diff=6309</id>
		<title>Gravity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Gravity&amp;diff=6309"/>
		<updated>2007-03-10T18:31:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Gravity is a key part of calculating the orbital path of all space craft and objects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Accleration of gravity (g) as measured at the equator&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earth - 9.81 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Moon - 1.622 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mars - 3.69 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Phobos - 0.0084-0.0019 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Deimos - 0.0039 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ceres - 0.27 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For long term habitation in any environment save the earth, a solution must be implemented to combat the muscle wasting and heart problems seen in the space station crews.  The only current option is for astronauts to spend 1/3 or more of their day in a carnival like centrifuge that duplicates the earth like accelerations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It follows if sailors in a small boat can get used to the constant movement of the waves, then astronauts can make this adaptation too.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In manufacturing, gravities below the moon (1.6 m/s2) pose a number of serious problems.  Movement of loose materials must be done in closed containers.  The digging of material becomes progressively more difficult.  Movement becomes slower due to the inability to stop or stay on the ground.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External References==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.merlyn.demon.co.uk/gravity0.htm Gravity Page]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_universal_gravitation Wikipedia:Newtons Law of Gravity]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Gravity&amp;diff=6243</id>
		<title>Gravity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Gravity&amp;diff=6243"/>
		<updated>2007-03-10T06:34:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: Gravity is a key part of calculating the orbital path of all space craft and objects.  Neutons law of gravity[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_universal_gravitation]  Accleration of gra...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Gravity is a key part of calculating the orbital path of all space craft and objects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Neutons law of gravity[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_universal_gravitation]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Accleration of gravity (g) as measured at the equator&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earth - 9.81 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
Moon - 1.622 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
Mars - 3.69 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
  Phobos - 0.0084-0.0019 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
  Deimos - 0.0039 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
Ceres - .27 m/s2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For long term habitation in any environment save the earth, a solution must be implemented to combat the muscle wasting and heart problems seen in the space station crews.  The only current option is for astronauts to spend 1/3 or more of their day in a carnival like centrifuge that duplicates the earth like accelerations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It follows if sailors in a small boat can get used to the constant movement of the waves, then astronauts can make this adaptation too.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In manufacturing, gravities below the moon (1.6 m/s2) pose a number of serious problems.  Movement of loose materials must be done in closed containers.  The digging of material becomes progressively more difficult.  Movement becomes slower due to the inability to stop or stay on the ground.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Atmosphere&amp;diff=6242</id>
		<title>Atmosphere</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Atmosphere&amp;diff=6242"/>
		<updated>2007-03-10T06:12:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: There are several different types of atmospheres to consider.  Lunar atmosphere[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon] Earth's atmosphere[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%2...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;There are several different types of atmospheres to consider.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lunar atmosphere[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon]&lt;br /&gt;
Earth's atmosphere[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere]&lt;br /&gt;
Atmospheric pressure on Earth[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most important for Lunar development is the pressure inside your space suit or habitat.  Here is a listing of the relative pressures of other environments and the percentage oxygen in each.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earth Sea Level Oxygen (21%) - 101.3 kPa&lt;br /&gt;
Mercury Program (100%) - 34.5 kPa&lt;br /&gt;
Apollo Program (100%) - 34.5 kPa&lt;br /&gt;
Skylab (70%) - 34.5kPa&lt;br /&gt;
Space Shuttle (28.5%) - 70.0 kPa&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cabin Pressurization[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_pressurization]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Generally if you don't get enough oxygen pressure you will get altitude sickness[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness#Altitude_acclimatization]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the extreme case of a severe leak in space, you have to consider what the Death Zone does to climbers on Everest[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_zone]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most desirable for long term habitats in space is somewhere around 40kPa total with about 60% oxygen.  In the event of an sudden depressurization this ratio means you do not have a hard transition to switch to your backup breathing systems.  The rest is Nitrogen, water vapor and trace amounts of CO2 which can be isolated quite easily.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Arolah&amp;diff=6232</id>
		<title>User talk:Arolah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Arolah&amp;diff=6232"/>
		<updated>2007-03-09T23:33:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Greetings Lunarpedia contributors&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I was looking over the atmosphere article. Before I start writing, I would like to know if it is ok to cite Wikipedia for things like links to detail of the Moon and Earth atmosphere for which they have very well developed articles?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[[Lunarpedia:Wikipedia_Import]] would be a good place to start, it's listed under Help in the navigation menu, not the most logical place for an experienced mediawiki user to look :-)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I guess maybe we should make a more prominent link to that page. &amp;lt;SMALL&amp;gt;''unsigned comment from [[User:Mdelaney|MikeD]]''&amp;lt;/SMALL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:You may cite any source you have and consider relevant.  If you lack a handy source, please feel free to include your information anyway.  Even 'Original Research' is permitted (and sometimes specifically desired) here.  If someone doesn't like your choice of citation, they are more than free to find another one to add to it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:...And welcome to Lunarpedia! 8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: -- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 07:59, 9 March 2007 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Welcome Thor.  You can post a bio.  (Follks I know Thor from SSI list, but I will let him introduce himself by posting a user page).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He Mike D, you forgot to sign you comment above! (no worries, we all forget somtimes)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cheers,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Charles R[[User:Cfrjlr|Charles F. Radley]] 07:06, 9 March 2007 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hi Guys,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks for the welcome.  I start diving in and see if you like what I write.  I'll check this when I log in if you have ideas of where to target.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks, Thor&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User:Arolah&amp;diff=6231</id>
		<title>User:Arolah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User:Arolah&amp;diff=6231"/>
		<updated>2007-03-09T23:30:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: == Background ==   I am mostly self taught since I left the University of Colorado Boulder in 1987.  While there I studied under Joe R. Smyth who is renouned for his work on crystalography...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I am mostly self taught since I left the University of Colorado Boulder in 1987.  While there I studied under Joe R. Smyth who is renouned for his work on crystalography and lunar mineral analysis.  Many of my collegues continued to pursue careers in Chemistry, Physics, Mechanical engineering, and Geology.  By and by I went the private enterprise path and and now work as a Systems Analyst at a large company.  Most days the closest I get to being a real scientist is reading Science News or RealClimate.org[http://www.realclimate.org]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Lunar Interests ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Years ago, what really got me interested in space was the realization that we living here on this Earth could use a little help and space would eventually be where we would get it.  Dr Criswell provided an excellent analysis of how economic output of all types is directly associated with energy consumption.  I know from studying geology and climatology that fossil fuels are limited and that burning them has many undesirable side effects.  The sooner we humans develop space the more confident I am in a less troubled future.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
My areas of interest is in the know how of setting up bases, power systems, low gravity manufacturing, and agriculture in extremely hostile environments.  The glamorous areas of rocketry, satellites, and everything you need to get there, I prefer to delegate to people who know a lot more than me.  There are a lot of ways to develop space and none of them proven so far.  I choose to advance a very conservative vision that does not rely on technological breakthroughs and can be trusted on in the worst case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
My goal is to assist in the formation of inviting articles that inspire people to take a deeper interest in space as a whole.  The space movement advances when people make things more understandible and thus more appealing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sincerely Thor&lt;br /&gt;
email a-r-o-l-a-h (atsymbol) y-a-h-o-o (dot) c-o-m&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Arolah&amp;diff=6208</id>
		<title>User talk:Arolah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Arolah&amp;diff=6208"/>
		<updated>2007-03-09T07:10:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Arolah: New page: Greetings Lunarpedia contributors  I was looking over the atmosphere article. Before I start writing, I would like to know if it is ok to cite Wikipedia for things like links to detail of ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Greetings Lunarpedia contributors&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I was looking over the atmosphere article. Before I start writing, I would like to know if it is ok to cite Wikipedia for things like links to detail of the Moon and Earth atmosphere for which they have very well developed articles?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arolah</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed>