Lunarpedia - User contributions [en]

Helium

2009-03-01T18:51:59Z

Laertes: Fixed table

{{Element |
name=Helium |
symbol=He |
available=trace |
need= |
number=2 |
mass=4.002602 |
group=18 |
period=1 |
phase=Gas |
series=Noble gases |
density=0.1786 g/L |
melts=0.95K, -272.2°C, -458.0°F |
boils=4.22K, -268.93°C, -452.07°F |
isotopes=3 4 |
prior=[[Hydrogen|H]] |
next=N/A |
above=N/A |
aprior=N/A |
anext=N/A |
below=[[Neon|Ne]] |
bprior=[[Fluorine|F]] |
bnext=N/A |
radius=31 pm |
bohr= |
covalent=32 |
vdwr=140 |
irad=- |
ipot=24.59 |
econfig=1s2 |
eshell=2 |
enega= |
eaffin=Unstable anion |
oxstat=- |
magn= |
cryst=Hexagonal or body centered cubic |
}}
'''Helium''' is a component of the [[solar wind]], and hence is one of the [[volatiles]] found (in parts per million level) in [[Lunar regolith]]. It is a Noble gas in group 18 and is the second element in the [[Periodic Table of the Elements]]. This element has two stable isotopes: 3 and 4.

The most common isotope, Helium-4, has a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons, and two electrons. The less common isotope Helium-3 has two protons and one neutron.

==3He==
''Helium 3'' is a rare isotope of the element [[Helium]], consisting of a nucleus with two protons and one neutron. The approved abbreviation (for physics use) for Helium-3 is 3He, however, the abbreviation He3 is also seen. Since most of the Earth's helium is produced by alpha-decay of Uranium isotopes, resulting in 4He (the most common isotope of Helium), 3He is rare on Earth. It is comparatively more abundant in non-terrestrial sources, although even in non-terrestrial sources, only a small fraction of helium atoms are Helium 3. The [[Moon]] is a source of 3He, which is implanted into the lunar [[regolith]] by the [[solar wind]]. Helium is present in the soil in quantities of ten to a hundred (weight) parts per million, and 0.003 to 1 percent of this amount (depending on soil) is 3He.

===Helium 3 as a Fusion Reaction Fuel===

It has been proposed that 3He might be a possible fuel for a [[Nuclear Fusion]] reactor to produce energy using the thermo-nuclear reaction (Deuterium-Helium-3):

2H + 3He --> 4He + 1H+

This reaction has the advantage over the more-commonly proposed Deuterium-Tritium fusion reaction

(2H + 3H) --> 4He + Neutron

that the reaction produces only charged particles (an alpha particle and a proton), with no production of neutrons. However, the corresponding difficulty is that the 2H -3He reaction has an ignition barrier that is twice as high as the barrier to igniting 2H-3H fusion, because of the fact that the Helium nucleus has twice the charge of a Tritium nucleus. Gerald Kulcinski's group at the Fusion Technology Institute of the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] has operated an experimental 2H-3He fusion reactor for an extended period, on a non-governmental research budget <ref>[http://www.thespacereview.com/article/536/1 Hedman, Eric; (Monday, January 16, 2006). "A fascinating hour with Gerald Kulcinski" (HTML). The Space Review. Jeff Foust, Ed. Retrieved on 2007-03-04]</ref>, however the reactor has not achieved energy balance or "break even". So far, 2H-3He fusion has not yet demonstrated net energy production ("break even"). The development of commercial 2H-3He reactors is dependent upon demonstrating "break even."

===Value of Lunar Helium 3 in Today's Market===

Since He3 has a high market value today, it might be worth collecting He3 from the Moon today simply to sell into the existing terrestrial market. Current market price for He3 is about $46,500 per troy ounce ($1500/gram, $1.5M/kg), more than 120 times the value per unit weight of [[Gold]] and over eight times the value of [[Rhodium]].

Questions:
*Can the cost of recovering He3 from the lunar surface be reduced to that level, e.g. $1500 per gram?
*What would be the capital cost of setting up a small He3 production facility on Luna?
*Would it depress the market price today? This depends on the size of the market, and there is little data.

The US [[Tritium]] and helium-3 stockpile sizes are classified, because they give a hint as to how many US nuclear weapons are still functional. According to Wikipedia “approximately 150 kilograms of it (He3) have resulted from decay of US [[Tritium]] production since 1955.” One could assume a similar quantity has been accumulated in the ex-USSR, and perhaps additionally from other thermonuclear powers (UK, France, China).

Today, the world's supply of Helium-3 can be counted in hundreds of kilograms, and the value of 100 kg would be $150M. So it may be assumed that the total stockpile value today is roughly about half a billion USD. The US DOE does sell He3 commercially, but how much of the present stockpile has actually been sold on the open market is an open question. Assuming that someone were to start at the level of collecting 100kg of He3 from the Moon and assume its value would be $150M, the cost of soft landing even a small probe on to the lunar surface may easily cost that much or more. How much He3 a small lander manufacture and how many grams per day have yet to be determined and production will rely on the method of processing.

A [[Volatiles|commonly discussed method]] is cooking the [[regolith]] to about 1400 degrees Fahrenheit or 760 degrees Celsius<ref>[http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/fdm817.pdf H. H. Schmitt et al; (November 1989). "Mining Helium-3 from the Moon - A Solution to the Earth's Energy Needs in the 21st Century."]</ref>. They describe three steps:
1) heat to a few hundred deg C to drive off the volatiles 2) fractional distillation to decant off the heavy volatiles 3) separate He3 from the He4 using the standard superleak process. Two challenges are devising a method to process large quantities of regolith as the He3 is at a low concentration, and providing a high power thermally efficient heat source on the Moon. This would need a large amount of energy, requiring the lander to have either a nuclear source (either [[Nuclear Fission]] or [[RTG]]), or large [[Solar Power|solar panels]]. [[Basalt]] has specific heat capacity of 0.24 cal/g/degreeC or 0.84 KJ/kg degreeK. To heat 1kg of basalt by 700 degrees Celsius requires about 600 KJ. The highest concentration of He3 in the Maria regions is 0.01ppm in the regolith. This means that 600 KJ will yield 0.01 milligrams of He3. Using these numbers, a 600 Watt power source could produce 0.01 milligrams of He3 per second = 0.6 mg/minute = 36mg/hour = 864mg/day = 315 grams per year. Whether this business concept is viable depends on how quickly a group or entity wants to amortize their investment. If an arbitrary target is to produce 100 kg He3 in one year, then a power source of about 200 KW would be needed. That would give a revenue stream of $150M per year '''if''' the He3 market does not become flooded and the price drops.

A [[Solar Power]] based system would be in darkness 50% of the time, so would need to operate at 400 KW. If it were on a lunar polar mountain top it might be in near continuous illumination. Assuming a best case scenario of 100% lighting, 10% photo voltaic efficiency and a fully steerable array, this would need an area of about 2,000 square meters, or about 45 meters on a square side. A simple non-PV solar reflector could be near 100% efficient, needing only 200 square meters or about 14 meters on a square side, or aperture. Setting up a 14 meter aperture mirror on the Moon would be a major engineering challenge, although it would not need to be particularly accurate as in the case of an astronomical telescope mirror.

Open Questions:
*How much would a 14 meter aperture mirror weigh?
*Would a [[Nuclear Fission]] power plant have better performance per kilogram of lander payload?

More thermal analysis needs to be done, as it may be possible to recycle the heat using some form of cogeneration. One possibility is to use the hot processed regolith to pre-heat the next incoming batch of raw dust, and thus reduce the number of solar joules needed. This could greatly reduce the size of solar array needed and/or significantly increase the system mass throughput.

== Applications ==
[[Image:Laser_DSC09088.JPG|thumb|right|px|An He-Ne laser]]
*Medical Lung Imaging
:According to Wikipedia:
:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_3
:Details on this experimental application of He3: http://cerncourier.com/main/article/41/8/14

{{expandsec}}

==Related Articles==

*[[Resource Values | Value of commodities (including He3)]]
*[[Volatiles]]
*[[Nuclear Fusion]]
*[[Solar wind]]

== External Links ==
*[http://www.tunl.duke.edu/nucldata/HTML/A=3/03He_1987.shtml Nuclear data]

==References==

<references/>

{{Cleanup}}
[[Category:Gases]]
[[Category:Noble Gases]]

Helium

2009-03-01T18:39:37Z

Laertes: Reverted edits by 216.248.224.26 (Talk); changed back to last version by Strangelv

{{Element |
name=Helium |
symbol=He |
available=trace |
need= |
number=2 |
mass=4.002602 |
group=18 |
period=1 |
phase=Gas |
series=Noble gases |
density=0.1786 g/L |
melts=0.95K, -272.2°C, -458.0°F |
boils=4.22K, -268.93°C, -452.07°F |
isotopes=3 4 |
prior=[[Hydrogen|H]] |
next=[[Lithium|Li]] |
above=N/A |
aprior=N/A |
anext=N/A |
below=[[Neon|Ne]] |
bprior=[[Fluorine|F]] |
bnext=N/A |
radius=31 pm |
bohr= |
covalent=32 |
vdwr=140 |
irad=- |
ipot=24.59 |
econfig=1s2 |
eshell=2 |
enega= |
eaffin=Unstable anion |
oxstat=- |
magn= |
cryst=Hexagonal or body centered cubic |
}}
'''Helium''' is a component of the [[solar wind]], and hence is one of the [[volatiles]] found (in parts per million level) in [[Lunar regolith]]. It is a Noble gas in group 18 and is the second element in the [[Periodic Table of the Elements]]. This element has two stable isotopes: 3 and 4.

The most common isotope, Helium-4, has a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons, and two electrons. The less common isotope Helium-3 has two protons and one neutron.

==3He==
''Helium 3'' is a rare isotope of the element [[Helium]], consisting of a nucleus with two protons and one neutron. The approved abbreviation (for physics use) for Helium-3 is 3He, however, the abbreviation He3 is also seen. Since most of the Earth's helium is produced by alpha-decay of Uranium isotopes, resulting in 4He (the most common isotope of Helium), 3He is rare on Earth. It is comparatively more abundant in non-terrestrial sources, although even in non-terrestrial sources, only a small fraction of helium atoms are Helium 3. The [[Moon]] is a source of 3He, which is implanted into the lunar [[regolith]] by the [[solar wind]]. Helium is present in the soil in quantities of ten to a hundred (weight) parts per million, and 0.003 to 1 percent of this amount (depending on soil) is 3He.

===Helium 3 as a Fusion Reaction Fuel===

It has been proposed that 3He might be a possible fuel for a [[Nuclear Fusion]] reactor to produce energy using the thermo-nuclear reaction (Deuterium-Helium-3):

2H + 3He --> 4He + 1H+

This reaction has the advantage over the more-commonly proposed Deuterium-Tritium fusion reaction

(2H + 3H) --> 4He + Neutron

that the reaction produces only charged particles (an alpha particle and a proton), with no production of neutrons. However, the corresponding difficulty is that the 2H -3He reaction has an ignition barrier that is twice as high as the barrier to igniting 2H-3H fusion, because of the fact that the Helium nucleus has twice the charge of a Tritium nucleus. Gerald Kulcinski's group at the Fusion Technology Institute of the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] has operated an experimental 2H-3He fusion reactor for an extended period, on a non-governmental research budget <ref>[http://www.thespacereview.com/article/536/1 Hedman, Eric; (Monday, January 16, 2006). "A fascinating hour with Gerald Kulcinski" (HTML). The Space Review. Jeff Foust, Ed. Retrieved on 2007-03-04]</ref>, however the reactor has not achieved energy balance or "break even". So far, 2H-3He fusion has not yet demonstrated net energy production ("break even"). The development of commercial 2H-3He reactors is dependent upon demonstrating "break even."

===Value of Lunar Helium 3 in Today's Market===

Since He3 has a high market value today, it might be worth collecting He3 from the Moon today simply to sell into the existing terrestrial market. Current market price for He3 is about $46,500 per troy ounce ($1500/gram, $1.5M/kg), more than 120 times the value per unit weight of [[Gold]] and over eight times the value of [[Rhodium]].

Questions:
*Can the cost of recovering He3 from the lunar surface be reduced to that level, e.g. $1500 per gram?
*What would be the capital cost of setting up a small He3 production facility on Luna?
*Would it depress the market price today? This depends on the size of the market, and there is little data.

The US [[Tritium]] and helium-3 stockpile sizes are classified, because they give a hint as to how many US nuclear weapons are still functional. According to Wikipedia “approximately 150 kilograms of it (He3) have resulted from decay of US [[Tritium]] production since 1955.” One could assume a similar quantity has been accumulated in the ex-USSR, and perhaps additionally from other thermonuclear powers (UK, France, China).

Today, the world's supply of Helium-3 can be counted in hundreds of kilograms, and the value of 100 kg would be $150M. So it may be assumed that the total stockpile value today is roughly about half a billion USD. The US DOE does sell He3 commercially, but how much of the present stockpile has actually been sold on the open market is an open question. Assuming that someone were to start at the level of collecting 100kg of He3 from the Moon and assume its value would be $150M, the cost of soft landing even a small probe on to the lunar surface may easily cost that much or more. How much He3 a small lander manufacture and how many grams per day have yet to be determined and production will rely on the method of processing.

A [[Volatiles|commonly discussed method]] is cooking the [[regolith]] to about 1400 degrees Fahrenheit or 760 degrees Celsius<ref>[http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/fdm817.pdf H. H. Schmitt et al; (November 1989). "Mining Helium-3 from the Moon - A Solution to the Earth's Energy Needs in the 21st Century."]</ref>. They describe three steps:
1) heat to a few hundred deg C to drive off the volatiles 2) fractional distillation to decant off the heavy volatiles 3) separate He3 from the He4 using the standard superleak process. Two challenges are devising a method to process large quantities of regolith as the He3 is at a low concentration, and providing a high power thermally efficient heat source on the Moon. This would need a large amount of energy, requiring the lander to have either a nuclear source (either [[Nuclear Fission]] or [[RTG]]), or large [[Solar Power|solar panels]]. [[Basalt]] has specific heat capacity of 0.24 cal/g/degreeC or 0.84 KJ/kg degreeK. To heat 1kg of basalt by 700 degrees Celsius requires about 600 KJ. The highest concentration of He3 in the Maria regions is 0.01ppm in the regolith. This means that 600 KJ will yield 0.01 milligrams of He3. Using these numbers, a 600 Watt power source could produce 0.01 milligrams of He3 per second = 0.6 mg/minute = 36mg/hour = 864mg/day = 315 grams per year. Whether this business concept is viable depends on how quickly a group or entity wants to amortize their investment. If an arbitrary target is to produce 100 kg He3 in one year, then a power source of about 200 KW would be needed. That would give a revenue stream of $150M per year '''if''' the He3 market does not become flooded and the price drops.

A [[Solar Power]] based system would be in darkness 50% of the time, so would need to operate at 400 KW. If it were on a lunar polar mountain top it might be in near continuous illumination. Assuming a best case scenario of 100% lighting, 10% photo voltaic efficiency and a fully steerable array, this would need an area of about 2,000 square meters, or about 45 meters on a square side. A simple non-PV solar reflector could be near 100% efficient, needing only 200 square meters or about 14 meters on a square side, or aperture. Setting up a 14 meter aperture mirror on the Moon would be a major engineering challenge, although it would not need to be particularly accurate as in the case of an astronomical telescope mirror.

Open Questions:
*How much would a 14 meter aperture mirror weigh?
*Would a [[Nuclear Fission]] power plant have better performance per kilogram of lander payload?

More thermal analysis needs to be done, as it may be possible to recycle the heat using some form of cogeneration. One possibility is to use the hot processed regolith to pre-heat the next incoming batch of raw dust, and thus reduce the number of solar joules needed. This could greatly reduce the size of solar array needed and/or significantly increase the system mass throughput.

== Applications ==
[[Image:Laser_DSC09088.JPG|thumb|right|px|An He-Ne laser]]
*Medical Lung Imaging
:According to Wikipedia:
:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_3
:Details on this experimental application of He3: http://cerncourier.com/main/article/41/8/14

{{expandsec}}

==Related Articles==

*[[Resource Values | Value of commodities (including He3)]]
*[[Volatiles]]
*[[Nuclear Fusion]]
*[[Solar wind]]

== External Links ==
*[http://www.tunl.duke.edu/nucldata/HTML/A=3/03He_1987.shtml Nuclear data]

==References==

<references/>

{{Cleanup}}
[[Category:Gases]]
[[Category:Noble Gases]]

Neon

2009-03-01T18:37:33Z

Laertes: Reverted edits by 162.127.9.6 (Talk); changed back to last version by Strangelv

{{Element |
name=Neon |
symbol=Ne |
available= |
need= |
number=10 |
mass=20.1797 |
group=18 |
period=2 |
phase=Gas |
series=Noble gases |
density=0.9002 g/L |
melts=24.56K, -248.59°C, -415.46°F |
boils=27.07K, -246.08°C, -410.94°F |
isotopes=20 21 22 |
prior=[[Fluorine|F]] |
next=[[Sodium|Na]] |
above=[[Helium|He]] |
aprior=N/A |
anext=N/A |
below=[[Argon|Ar]] |
bprior=[[Chlorine|Cl]] |
bnext=N/A |
radius= |
bohr=38 |
covalent=69 |
vdwr=154 |
irad=- |
ipot=21.57 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 |
eshell=2, 8 |
enega= |
eaffin=Unstable anion |
oxstat=- |
magn=Nonmagnetic |
cryst=Face centered cubic |
}}
'''Neon''' is a Noble gas in group 18.
It has a Face centered cubic crystalline structure.
This element has 3 stable isotopes: 20, 21, and 22.
 

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Nonmagnetic Elements]]
[[Category:Gases]]
[[Category:Noble Gases]]

Californium

2009-02-02T11:10:06Z

Laertes: Reverted edits by 75.63.211.93 (Talk); changed back to last version by 75.132.95.132

{{Element |
name=Californium |
symbol=Cf |
available= |
need= |
number=98 |
mass=[255] |
group=19 |
period=N/A |
phase=Solid |
series=Actinide |
density=15.1 g/cm3 |
melts=1173K, 900°C, 1652°F |
boils= |
isotopes=none |
prior=[[Berkelium|Bk]] |
next=[[Einsteinium|Es]] |
above=[[Dysprosium|Dy]] |
aprior=[[Terbium|Tb]] |
anext=[[Holmium|Ho]] |
below=N/A |
bprior=N/A |
bnext=N/A |
radius= |
bohr= |
covalent= |
vdwr= |
irad=(+3) 95 |
ipot=6.30 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f10 6s2 6p6 7s2 |
eshell=2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 |
enega=1.3 |
eaffin=- |
oxstat=3 |
magn= |
cryst=Hexagonal |
}}
'''Californium''' is a Actinide metal.
It has a Hexagonal crystalline structure.
It does not have any isotopes considered to be natural. Its longest-lived known isotope has an atomic number of 251.
This element has no stable isotopes.
 

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Actinide]]

Silicon

2009-01-27T02:24:24Z

Laertes: Reverted edits by 76.94.240.165 (Talk); changed back to last version by Jarogers2001

{{Element |
name=Silicon |
symbol=Si |
available= |
need= |
number=14 |
mass=28.0855 |
group=14 |
period=3 |
phase=Solid |
series=Metalloids |
density=2.33 g/cm3 |
melts=1687K, 1414°C, 2577°F |
boils=3538K, 3265°C, 5909°F |
isotopes=28 29 30 |
prior=[[Aluminum|Al]] |
next=[[Phosphorus|P]] |
above=[[Carbon|C]] |
aprior=[[Boron|B]] |
anext=[[Nitrogen|N]] |
below=[[Germanium|Ge]] |
bprior=[[Gallium|Ga]] |
bnext=[[Arsenic|As]] |
radius=110 |
bohr=111 |
covalent=111 |
vdwr=210 |
irad=(+4) 40 |
ipot=8.15 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 |
eshell=2, 8, 4 |
enega=1.9 |
eaffin=1.39 |
oxstat=4, 2 |
magn=Nonmagnetic |
cryst=Face centered cubic |
}}
'''Silicon''' is a Metalloid in group 14.
It has a Face centered cubic crystalline structure.
This element has 3 stable isotopes: 28, 29, and 30.
 
Silicon is the second most common element in the lunar crust (after [[oxygen]]). Silicon on the moon is most commonly found in the form of the silicate ion, SiO4+4. Most lunar rocks are in the form of silicates.

In elemental form, silicon is a ''semimetal''; in purified form, it is a semiconductor which is used for semiconductor electronic devices. Wafers of single-crystal silicon may be used to make solar cells. An alloy of siicon and [[hydroge]]n, ''amorphous silicon'' (sometimes abbreviated to a-Si) is also used as a material for thin-film solar cells, which are lower in cost, but also lower in efficiency.

The primary oxide of silicon is silica, SiO2; the oxide SiO also exists, and in general, a silicon oxide may be any mixture of these, with an empirical formula SiOx. Silica is a transparent solid which may be found in crystalline or amorphous form. Silica or silicate is the primary constituent of [[glass]]. While a form of glass can be made from pure silica, the very high melting temperature of silica makes high-silica glass difficult to work with, and almost all commonly used glass contains other components. On Earth, sodium oxide is usually added to form low-cost ''soda-lime glass'' (commonly called ''window glass''); boron oxides may then added to form the higher-cost ''borosilicate glass'', which has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion and hence may be used in applications involving heating and cooling. Many other specialized glass formulations exist, which use silica.

Organic silicon compounds, known as ''silicones'', are flexible compounds sometimes used as sealing materials.

==Silicon Info from USGS==
"Silicon (Si) is a light chemical element that combines with oxygen and other elements to form silicates. Silicon in the form of silicates constitutes more than 25% of the Earth's crust. Silica (SiO2) as quartz or quartzite is used to produce silicon ferroalloys and silicon metal. Demand for silicon ferroalloys is driven principally by the production of cast iron and steel. Silicon metal, which generally is produced like ferrosilicon in submerged-arc electric furnaces, is used not as a ferroalloy, but rather for alloying with aluminum and for production of chemicals, especially silicones. Small quantities of silicon are processed into high-purity silicon for use in the semiconductor industry." - USGS Silicon Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silicon/]
 

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Abundant Elements]]
[[Category:Nonmagnetic Elements]]
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Metalloids ]]

Category:Selenology

2009-01-22T23:55:21Z

Laertes: Reverted edits by 129.123.104.8 (Talk); changed back to last version by 24.111.32.154

Geology, structure, composition, minerology, magnetics, surveys, solar wind volatile concentrations, mineral concentrations, and gravity of the moon as well as other features of interest.

Also the name of the Journal of the American Lunar Society.
[[Category:Main]]

{{CreateCat}}

List of Areas of Research

2009-01-22T23:55:04Z

Laertes: Reverted edits by 129.123.104.8 (Talk); changed back to last version by Strangelv

{{Bootstrap}}

[[Lava Tube Research]]
*Location Mapping Research
*Interior Mapping
*Possible lavatubes in buried lavaflow layers
[[Gas Pockets]] -- theoretical 
[[Lunar Volcanism]] -- theoretical 
[[Solar Wind Volatiles]]
*Identification of areas of regolith enriched in specific elements
*Coldtrap ice deposits mapping
[[Economic Selenography]] 
[[Preservation Sites]] 
[[Energy Generation]] 
[[Nightspan Storage]] 
[[Helium-3 extraction]] 
[[Lunar Solar Power Arrays]] 
[[Energy efficiency research]] 
[[Lunar Astronomy]] 
[[Lunar SETI]] 
[[Farside Radio Astronomy]] 
[[Lunar Optical Astronomy]] 
[[Lunar Amateur Astronomy]] 
[[Lunar Appropriate Research and Development]] 
[[Mining and Processing Technologies Research]] 
[[Production-scale Chemical Processing Systems]] 
[[Element Production Suites]] 
[[Glass]] 
[[Ceramics]] 
[[Cement]] 
[[Metal Alloy]] 
[[Alloying and Coloring Agents Production]] 
[[Lunar-Deficient Elements]] 
[[Stowaway Imports]] 
[[Asteroidal Resources]] 
[[Cometary Resources]] 
[[Martian Area Resources]] 
[[Satellite Systems]] 
[[Communications]] 
[[Global Positioning]] 
[[Search and Rescue]] 
[[Orbital Research]] 
[[Pharmaceutical Production]] 
[[Lunar Biospherics]] 
[[Modular Biospherics]] 
[[Air Refreshing Systems]] 
[[Water Recycling Systems]] 
[[Specialized Climate Options]] 
[[Environmental Protection Protocols]] 
[[Enterprise Formation and Assistance]] 
[[Consumer Goods and Services]] 
[[Motive Power System Research]]
*Dust Engine research
*Local power beam networks
*Lunar skimmer research
[[Lunar Produced Fuels]]
*Solar
*Chemical
*Nuclear

[[Category:Selenology]]

Gabbro

2009-01-22T23:54:56Z

Laertes: Reverted edits by 129.123.104.8 (Talk); changed back to last version by Jarogers2001

{{subminimal}}
A dark, coarse-grained [[exd:intrusive|intrusive]] igneous rock. Gabbro is made of [[calcium]]-rich [[plagioclase]], with [[amphibole]] and/or [[pyroxene]], and is chemically equivalent to [[basalt]].

[[Category:Selenology]]

Category:Experiments

2009-01-22T23:54:38Z

Laertes: Reverted edits by 129.123.104.8 (Talk); changed back to last version by Cfrjlr

[[Category:Selenology]]
[[Category:Hardware]]

User talk:Laertes

2009-01-19T22:49:38Z

Laertes:

I accidentally blocked you by mistake. My bad. I've unblocked you, but let me know if you have any trouble - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 00:01, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
: No worries, no problems so far... --[[User:Laertes|Laertes]] 01:42, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Please notice that in "Recent Changes" you now have the ability to block spam IP addresses. Also, in article histories you now have the ability to rollback edits with the click of a button instead of doing so manually. You must be logged in for these options. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 19:14, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

:That will make things easier, thanks :) --[[User:Laertes|Laertes]] 22:49, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Business Plans List

2009-01-18T14:41:11Z

Laertes: removed junk from 62.99.163.242 (Talk) and others

{|align=right

|__TOC__

|}

This is a Lunarpedia category list of every conceivable way weâve thought of for a lunar settlement to make money. We do not know what ideas will actually work so we started by listing everything, even bad ideas.

The money making ideas below are linked to business plan summaries. A full business plan is something you can take to the bank to get a loan. These are just simplified summaries to clearly define the idea.

To write a business plan you must have the business environment clearly defined. For this list two separate settlement time periods are covered, Near-Term and Long-Term. Each is supported by a defining scenario, to [[Near-Term Business Scenario]] and [[Mid-Term Business Scenario]], to give a good idea of the state of the lunar settlement at the time the business plan is being put forward.

If you would like to help on this project, try writing a business plan for any of these concepts or one of your own. For tips on writing a business plan see [[Business Plan form]]

(See also [[List of Exports]])

----

==Near-Term Lunar Business Plan Summaries List:==

Many, many lunar money-making ideas that fit the [[Near-Term Business Scenario]].

=== [[Helium-3 Medical]] ===

The harvesting of commercial quantities of [[Helium 3]] on the Moon for making medical isotopes on Earth. This effort involves processing moderate amounts of lunar regolith for [[Volatiles]]. See [[Harrison Schmitt]].

=== [[Lunar Hydrogen]] ===

Harvesting hydrogen from lunar regolith to use as fuel for returning to Earth, shipping lunar products to Earth, and later for trips on to Mars and Earth-crossing asteroids. See [[Volatiles]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]].

=== [[Lunar Oxygen]] ===

Harvesting Oxygen from lunar regolith for use as propellant oxidizers and in air for return trips to Earth and later for trips on to Mars and Earth-crossing asteroids.

=== [[Atmospheric bulk gas]] ===

Harvesting fill gas for ship and building atmospheres. These include Argon and Nitrogen.

=== [[Ore Concentrates]] ===

Regolith fines are processed to the level of ore concentrates with 95% by mass of mixed valuable mineral grains. Some elements made available are metal ores: KREEP, Titanium/iron. Some are other mineral concentrates: frits (fine ground minerals used for coloring ceramics and glass), and trace minerals for medicines and industrial processes.

=== [[Mass to Earth Orbit]] ===

Contained regolith and lunar rocks are sent back to near Earth orbit for use for radiation shielding, small particle protection, and thermal stabilization.

=== [[Writing non-fiction]] ===

The writing of biographies, popular science, oral histories, and documenting the grand lunar adventure by those living it.

=== [[Writing fiction]] ===

The writing of novels, story collections, and oral histories by individual Moon dwellers.

=== [[Songs and Music]] ===

Writing and performing of songs and music from the Moon. Making both remote live performances and recorded pieces.

=== [[Photography]] ===

Exploiting the exotic location to take still photography for science and advertising. This product is electronically transmitted to Earth.

=== [[Media Production]] ===

Production of major media pieces about the Moon or space settlement, such as CineMax Specials, or regular program for TV on science, or even a lunar soap opera.

=== [[Speaking Engagements]] ===

Remote broadcasts and public outreach presentations made by individual Moon Dwellers.

=== [[Lunar Crafts]] ===

Small objects handmade by the workers in lunar ceramics, scrap metal, glass using the prototype shop in their spare time. The products are shipped back to Earth primarily as ballast top-off.

=== [[Moon Art]] ===

Artistic installations built on the Moon of rock, glass, ceramics, and found materials. These installations are financed by grants and may be done by Moon people or Earth controlled robots. One form is the âArt of the Cairnâ or rock stacking.

=== [[Lunar Rocks]] ===

Small lunar rocks and regolith samples logged and labeled properly. Mostly small in mass with color increases value. Shipped back as ballast top off. Sold over the internet.

=== [[Lunar Herbs]] ===

Herbs and spices grown in Moon soil. Freeze dried and shipped back to Earth. This effort is a side product of early efforts to grow food on the Moon.

=== [[Scientific Instrumentation]] ===

The installation and maintenance of science instruments on the Moon. Buying a minerâs time is usually cheaper than sending a dedicated astronaut.

=== [[Earth Surveillance]] ===

The Moon is the true high ground. Installing instruments and generating data for weather prediction, treaty compliance, and energy usage.

=== [[Amateur Astronomy Rentals]] ===

Time on amateur astronomy equipment on the Moon. Small robot telescope on Moon, time rented over internet.

=== [[1/6 g Technical Services]] ===

Exploiting lunar environment to material processing, lunar minerals, high vacuum, direct sun light, and 1/6 g. Largely proprietary product development testing for private companies.

=== [[Managing the Bone Yard]] ===

Salvage of materials abandoned on the Moon, such as decent vehicles, and managing the reuse of these resources.

=== [[Teaching]] ===

Teaching and tutoring remotely. A university professor with an endowed chair. Masters classes for science students.

=== [[Exercise Programs]] ===

Hours of daily exercise is a requirement for living in space. This can be very boring. This plan includes contests and net casts to make it more bearable. The sells of advertising banners at major events and âBe Fit like an Astronautâ videos support this effort.

=== [[Consulting]] ===

Providing consulting services for aerospace business, robotics, and space operations. This effort is done remotely. Some highly trained and experienced people are on the Moon.

=== [[Off-World Business Administrator]] ===

Serving as a member of the Board of Directors of a corporation (likely aerospace or technology firms) or as any other kind of administrator for private industry.

=== [[Technical Design]] ===

Contracting to provide technical services, such as engineering design. This idea is viable because some of the most experienced specialists available are on Moon.

=== [[Software Development]] ===

Contracting to provide software development services remotely. Again, some of the most experienced specialists are on Moon.

=== [[Web Site Design]] ===

Contracting to provide Internet Web Site Design. This is a part-time job for technical people in a prestige location.

=== [[Electronic Game Design]] ===

Contracting to provide digital game designs. This is a part-time job for technical people and an offshoot of training rover work.

=== [[Off-World IT Services]] ===

Providing off-world information technology services. These include an off-Earth data node, science data routing, and big hard drives in lunar cellars. This service will be advertised as IT that would have survived the end of the dinosaurs. See [[Communication]].

=== [[Internet Sales]] ===

Signatures, memorabilia, lunar rocks, dependent on ballast top-off shipments back to Earth.

=== [[Internet Blog]] ===

The View from the Moon, with advertising.

=== [[Advertisement]] ===

Emblems on rockets, buildings, launch facilities, and the lunar rovers look like NASCAR race cars. White rocks on a hill side are reserved for settlement name, as is done in the American West. Large rock and trench logos beside corporate facilities that are visible on approach.

=== [[Lunar Tourism]] ===

You on the Moon General tours, lunar skiing, and exploration expeditions. All very expensive.

=== [[Remote Tourism]] ===

Robot rover on Moon operated by tourist on Earth goes exploring, hourly rentals, organized major explorations, cameras, robot arm. Sample return is very expensive. Effort supported by an electronic game for practice.

=== [[Lunar Funerals]] ===

Providing funeral services on the Moon. These services are varied and include burying ashes, laser engraved rock markers, cairns, and extreme long-term media (etched on silicon or sapphire blank) digital record. It includes robot burial in a granted one million year memorial. Some miners will have theological credentials to officiate. This service is very expensive for Earthers, but all lunar settlers are entitled to a funeral.

=== Your near-term idea here ===

Please fill out your own [[Business Plan form]].

----

==Mid-Term Lunar Business Plan Summaries List:==

Several lunar money-making ideas that fit the [[Mid-Term Business Scenario]].

=== [[Helium-3 Power]] ===

Harvesting [[Helium 3]] for the generation of power on Earth. This effort dependents on both the success of new fusion reactors on Earth and on development of large scale volatile harvesting on the Moon. See [[Harrison Schmitt]].

=== [[Elementary Materials]] ===

Lunar processing of ore concentrates to produce 80% plus pure element. Materials would be farther processed on Earth. Only the most valuable elements. Requires a large amount power and industrial facilities on the Moon.

=== [[Construction Materials]] ===

Titanium, aluminum, iron to steel, and alloys, formed into beams and tubes, for construction in Earth orbit and lunar mines. Requires large amounts of power and large industrial facilities.

=== [[Lunar Glass]] ===

The manufacture of lunar glass for radiation protection of solar cells and other optical and electrical applications. Used on the Moon and in Earth orbit.

=== [[Polar Water]] ===

Waters and other volatiles harvested from the Cold and the Dark at the poles. Could provide large amounts of oxygen, hydrogen, ammonia. Cryogenic mining equipment is required and is completely different from regular lunar mining operations.

=== [[Retire to the Moon]] ===

Retirement living on the Moon after a guaranteed one way trip. This is a life style for the extremely rich and major Company stock holder. Advanced living space and medical facility are required before this service can commence.

=== [[Reentry shields]] ===

Ablative disks made from lunar regolith and resins shipped from Earth. Mixed is applied to a low mass structure shipped from Earth. Important for reducing the cost of returning materials to Earth but the quality control requirements are very high.

=== [[Earth Crosser Abatement]] ===

Provide fuel, oxidizer, and mass for adjusting the orbits of Earth Crossing asteroids. Throw lunar rocks at them.

=== [[Solar Power Satellites for Earth]] ===

Power generation and transmission to Earth. Many technical challenges to be overcome, particularly in transmission. New technologies must be invented and developed.

=== Your Mid-Term idea here ===

Please fill out your own [[Business Plan form]].

----

==Earth-Based Business Plan Summaries List:==

Several down-to-Earth business ideas that are completely dependent on the existence of a lunar settlement:

===NASA Contracts ===

Well established practice. Critical in the astronaut time period but fading after that.

=== Commercial Contractors ===

The design and construction of the mining and large habitat equipment needed to mine the Moon. Peaking in the miner time period but continuing indefinitely. Job generation is always of interest to politicians.

===Commercial Cryogenic Contractors ===

The design and construction of the specialty equipment that is needed to mine in the cold and the dark. Very special equipment will be needed to harvest this important resource.

===Helium-3 Brokerage ===

[[Helium 3]] first for medical purposes and then power on Earth. See [[Harrison Schmitt]].

===Medical Isotope Manufacture===

The processing [[Helium 3]] for medical applications. See [[Harrison Schmitt]].

=== Sales of Lunar Crafts ===

Broker for small items sent home by lunar settlers.

===Materials Processing ===

Processing industrial materials, such as ore concentrates, shipped from Moon.

===Your Earth-bound idea here===

Please fill out your own [[Business Plan form]].

----

=='''Bad''' Business ideas '''Not''' covered in this list:==

A number of business ideas that are just plain '''bad''' and are '''not''' included on Lunarpedia. These ideas are mentioned here solely for completeness.

=== Phony Land Sales ===

The sale of non-existent lunar land claims to gullible people on Earth just like the Lunar Embassy now does. This has been done to death.

=== Telemarketing ===

If you are calling from the Moon, who would hang up? Even with a nearly two second round trip delay? I would.

=== Marriage Services ===

Marriage services officiated remotely. A miner with theological or magistrate credentials presides while dressed as Elvis or a space alien.

=== Confidence games ===

Running stock pyramids and Internet scams run over the Internet. It is going to be hard to put someone already on the Moon for life into jail.

=== Real Moonshine ===

An alcoholic beverage is distilled on the Moon in small quantities. It is then blended and aged back on Earth. The feed stock for the still is mostly food waste.

===Cigar wrapper leaf ===

A high value agricultural product, cigar wrapper leaf, is grown on the Moon and sent home for processing.

=== Moon Hemp ===

The raising of marihuana or other illegal drugs on the Moon.

=== Air Shows ===

Demonstrations of precision flying on the Moon for the entertainment of Earth audiences. This idea involves putting on hair-raising displays of lunar lander flying that risk lives and waste fuel.

=== Pirate Radio ===

Megawatt radio stations that blast commercials for products of dubious value back to Earth.

=== XXX-rated movies in 1/6 g ===

Just plain bad taste.

===Your '''bad''' idea here===

You do '''not''' need a business plan for ideas on this list. If you want to salvage any of these bad ideas, simply write a business plan summary then move the idea to one of the other lists.

A blank business plan summary form is available at [[Business Plan form]].

----

[[Category:Business Plans]]

[[Category:Business]]

Neptunium

2009-01-17T13:52:37Z

Laertes: Despammed

{{Element |
name=Neptunium |
symbol=Np |
available= |
need= |
number=93 |
mass=[237] |
group=19 |
period=N/A |
phase=Solid |
series=Actinide |
density=20.2 g/cm3 |
melts=910K, 637°C, 1179°F |
boils=4273K, 4000°C, 7232°F |
isotopes=none |
prior=[[Uranium|U]] |
next=[[Plutonium|Pu]] |
above=[[Promethium|Pm]] |
aprior=[[Neodymium|Nd]] |
anext=[[Samarium|Sm]] |
below=N/A |
bprior=N/A |
bnext=N/A |
radius=175 |
bohr= |
covalent= |
vdwr= |
irad=(+5) 75 |
ipot=6.27 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f4 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2 |
eshell=2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 |
enega=1.3 |
eaffin=- |
oxstat=6, '''5''', 4, 3 |
magn=? |
cryst=Orthohombic |
}}
'''Neptunium''' is a Actinide metal.
It has a Orthohombic crystalline structure.
It does not have any isotopes considered to be natural. Its longest-lived known isotope has an atomic number of 237.
This element has no stable isotopes.
 

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Actinide]]

Michael Collins

2009-01-17T13:50:05Z

Laertes: removing junk from 85.17.186.161 (Talk)

Best known as [[Command Module Pilot]] on [[Apollo-11]], the first mission to land humans on the surface of the Moon. Collins remained in lunar orbit in the [[Command Module]] "[[Columbia]]", while [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] descended to the lunar surface in the [[Lunar Module]] "[[Eagle]]".

Collins also flew in Earth orbit in [[Gemini-10]].

Astronaut Bio: Michael Collins [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/collins-m.html http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/collins-m.html]

{{Biog Stub}}


[[Category:Astronauts|Collins, Michael]]
[[Category:Apollo|Collins, Michael]]

Resource Values

2009-01-17T13:47:51Z

Laertes: Despamming from 85.17.186.161, 203.69.39.251, 216.23.162.164, 170.211.216.8, and 64.27.5.49

'''Prices on Earth circa 2006, in U. S. dollars.'''
''Note that prices for resources in space will be significantly different, and may be dominated by resource availability in space and transportation costs, and that a troy ounce is 31.1 g, about 10 percent more than the avoirdupois ounce.''

{|cellpadding="10" style="color:white;background:black"
|- style="color:black;background:#7FBFBF"
|'''Element'''
|'''Price per Kg'''
|'''Price per Troy oz.'''
|'''Price per Gram'''
|'''Price per Metric Tonne''' (=1000 kg)
|- style="color:black;background:white"
|width="60"| [[Helium3|3He]]
| $1,185,000|| ||$1,185|| $1,185M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Aluminum]] || $2|| ||$0.002||$2,000
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Copper]] || $7|| || $0.007 ||$7,000
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Gold]] || $20,000|| $525-710||$20||$20M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Nickel]] || $20|| ||$0.02||$20,000
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Tantalum]] || $750|| || $0.75 || $750,000
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Titanium]] || $8.50 || $0.008 || ||$8,500
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Yttrium]] || $5,500|| $5.50 ||$4.58|| $5.5M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| colspan="5" align="center"| '''[[Platinum Group Metals]]'''
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Iridium]] || $20,000|| $300-600||$10-20 || $20M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Platinum]] || $35,000|| $950-$1,350||$31-$43|| $35M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Rhodium]] || $200,000|| $5800-$5900||$200 || $200M
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Palladium]] || || || ||
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Ruthenium]] || || || ||
|- style="color:black;background:white"
| [[Osmium]] || || || ||
|}

 
 
==External Links==
*[http://www.infomine.com/investment/metalprices/ metal prices]
*[http://www.mgb.gov.ph/aveprice-metals.htm price of copper, gold, silver, and nickel 1996-2004] from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau
*[http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/current_historical.html platinum group metal prices]
*[http://www.spectrastableisotopes.com/Catalog/Specialty_Gases.aspx prices of specialty gasses from Spectra] (including 3He)]
 

[[Category:Business]]

List of Space Station and Module Companies

2009-01-17T13:44:34Z

Laertes: removing junk from 85.17.186.161 (Talk)

{{Bootstrap}}

[[Alcatel Alenia Space]] [http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/space/index.htm http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/space/index.htm] 
[[Bigelow Aerospace]] [http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/ http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/] 
[[Boeing]] [http://www.boeing.com/ http://www.boeing.com/] 
[[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)]] [http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html ] 
[[Khrunichev State Research and Production Center]] [http://www.khrunichev.ru/ http://www.khrunichev.ru/] 
[[RSC Energia]] [http://www.energia.ru/english/ http://www.energia.ru/english/] 

[[Category:Components]]
[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Bootstrap lists]]

Platinum Group Metals

2009-01-17T13:42:45Z

Laertes: removing junk from 85.17.186.161 (Talk)

'''Platinum Group Metals''' are commonly found in asteroids, most particularly the nickel-iron asteroids, and may possibly be found in lunar impact craters. 
The platinum-group metals (PGM) comprise six closely related metals: [[platinum]], [[palladium]], [[#rhodium|rhodium]], [[ruthenium]], [[iridium]], and [[osmium]], which commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic elements. Along with gold and silver, they are known as precious or noble metals. Platinum group metals are rare on the surface of the earth because they are ''siderophiles'', and hence tend to be segregated in liquid iron. This means that most of the Earth's inventory of platinum group metals is sequestered in the liquid iron at the Earth's core. Platinum group elements occur as native alloys in placer deposits or, more commonly, in lode deposits associated with nickel and copper. Nearly all of the world's supply of these metals are extracted from lode deposits in four countries--the Republic of South Africa, the U.S.S.R., Canada, and the United States. The Republic of South Africa is the only country that produces all six PGM in substantial quantities. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistical Compendium[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/stat/]
==Applications==
The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)– [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] – are outstanding. Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides. The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid. In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic. Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry. Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM. Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions. A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]

==Related Articles==
*[[Ruthenium]]
*[[Rhodium]]
*[[Palladium]]
*[[Osmium]]
*[[Iridium]]
*[[Platinum]]
*[[Resource Values]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/jmpgm/index.jsp The Platinum Group Metals Database]
*[http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/current_historical.html Platinum Today: Current and historical prices]
*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pt/index.html WebElements.com — Platinum]
*[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ Platinum Metals Review E-Journal]
*[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/ USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information]
 
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]

Category:Non-metals

2009-01-17T13:41:15Z

Laertes: Removing junk from 85.17.186.161 (Talk)

Non-metal Elements

[[Category:Elements]]

Samarium

2009-01-17T13:39:10Z

Laertes: Removing junk from 85.17.186.161 (Talk)

{{Element |
name=Samarium |
symbol=Sm |
available= |
need= |
number=62 |
mass=150.36 |
group=19 |
period=N/A |
phase=Solid |
series=Lanthanide |
density=7.52 g/cm3 |
melts=1345K, 1072°C, 1962°F |
boils=2067K, 1794°C, 3261°F |
isotopes=144 150 152 154 |
prior=[[Promethium|Pm]] |
next=[[Europium|Eu]] |
above=[[Yttrium|Y]] |
aprior=[[Strontium|Sr]] |
anext=[[Zirconium|Zr]] |
below=[[Plutonium|Pu]] |
bprior=[[Neptunium|Np]] |
bnext=[[Americium|Am]] |
radius=185 |
bohr=238 |
covalent= |
vdwr= |
irad=(+3)108 |
ipot=5.64 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f6 5s2 5p6 6s2 |
eshell=2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 |
enega=1.17 |
eaffin=- |
oxstat='''3''', 2 |
magn=Antiferromagnetic |
cryst=Rhombohedral |
}}
'''Samarium''' is a Lanthanide metal.
It has a Rhombohedral crystalline structure.
This element has 4 stable isotopes: 144, 150, 152, and 154.
 

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Antiferromagnetic Elements]]
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Lanthanide]]

Talk:Luna-Mars Trade

2009-01-10T00:38:10Z

Laertes:

All of the processes necessary for Luna-Mars trade are not sketched in any great detail, but it seems worth considering. If a mass accelerator can boost the supersonic landing Mars to low Mars orbit vehicle mentioned up to 1025 meters per second, then 49% of the take-off weight gets to orbit.--'''FARTHERRED'''11:28pm Central Standard Time 31 October 2008

Does the original creator realize that by inserting a slash in the article name, he has created a sub-article of [[Luna]]? - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 07:09, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

:Problems like that can be avoided if we disable subpages for mainspace articles. I believe Wikipedia has done this. However, it might be a better idea for Lunarpedia if we keep subpages for mainspace articles. In that case, I suggest moving the content to "Luna-Mars trade". [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 07:41, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

::Moving it was my thought as well. I rather like subpages. Any objections to a move? - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 16:14, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
*Aw shucks. It says right here on my Wiki Reference Card not to use slash, plus sign, number sign, or any of a number of kinds of brackets in a title. I did not have the reference card with me at a distant location but probably would not have consulted it anyway. This is one way to learn. I hope it is not too much trouble to move the article.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 16:36, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
:It can be moved just like any other article. There is no additional procedure. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 03:53, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

:::If we disable it, we should also disable it for the seldom used GFDL namespace and the never used CC_Luna namespace, as they have teh same function as the main namespace, just not public domain. -- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 18:18, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
::::I see no reason to disable it at this time. I intend to use sub-articles in the future. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 03:53, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
*Why should a Mars to low Mars orbit vehicle have wings and land supersonic? The wings should allow the vehicle to kill its orbital velocity through aerodynamic drag when returning to Mars and lift from the wings should allow the vehicle to set down gently on a runway. The orbital speed being considered is only about 40% faster than the SR-71 flew, and the Mars to low Mars orbit vehicle would only move through the atmosphere at that speed for a short time while reentering from orbit. If the SR-71 could tolerate 2450 meters per second for thousands of miles of flight, a Mars to low Mars orbit vehicle should be able to tolerate flying at 3440 meters per second through Mars' upper atmosphere for a few minutes. The vehicle would not move at orbital velocity when touching down on a runway, but it would still need to be supersonic to generate enough lift for a gentle landing.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 02:47, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

A lifting reentry for martian cargo is an interesting idea. I have always contemplated capsule type landings. However, I am a bit skeptical about a supersonic landing. If I am correct, supersonic on Mars is faster then on Earth due to thinner air. And, even in the thinner air, any landing gear being deployed would have to resist this force. Add to that what the gear would encounter on contect with the ground, and I don't see a happy landing. To lower the landing speed, one would have to increase the lifting force. Maybe swing wings would work, they will incease compexity.

How is the shuttle launched from the Martian surface? Is it a vertical or horizontal launch? [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 07:53, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

*In the case of the speed of sound T.Neo's memory serves falsely. The speed of sound is dependent directly on the temperature and inversely on molecular weight, but it is nearly independent of pressure. The suggested shuttle would take off vertically for the version that puts 36% of take-off weight into orbit. It would be thrown into the atmosphere near the peak of mount Olympus at 1025 meters per second in the version to be boosted by electric acceleration which is suggested to achieve 49% of take-off weight to orbit. SSTO is a less demanding challenge for Mars than for Earth. --[[User:Farred|Farred]] 14:42, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
::Woa. I thought that the speed at which sound propagates is dependent upon the density of the medium, not the temperature. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 19:00, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

SSTO is definatly much easier on Mars then on Earth.
What is the speed of sound on Mars? What would the landing speed for the shuttle be? WHat kind of forces would the landing gear endure? What would the heat sheild of such a craft be made of? [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 16:07, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
*I will return to the speed of sound on Mars later. For now I was thinking of a titanium steel Aerodynamic shell with heat soak on reentry and an insulated internal compartment for electronics with evaporative cooling using dry ice. Landing gear would be skids with an expendable layer.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 16:29, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
*The speed of sound on mars at about 0 C is about 240 m/sec making the low orbit velocity about mach 14.2 and and the contemplated electricly accelerated boost about mach 4.2 --[[User:Farred|Farred]] 19:22, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
*I can see how Jarogers2001 might think that the speed of sound is dependent on density since sound travles faster in steel and in water than in air at room temperature. However, we are talking about just the atmosphere of Mars here, so the speed of sound is the square root of the quantity of the specific heat ratio times the gas constant times the temperature devided by the molecular weight quantity closed. That can be rewritten as a function of density, but that would seem an unneeded complication.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 20:08, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Titanium-steel thermal soak confuses me. Thermal soak is when an insulating substance keeps heat away from the airframe. Titanium-steel seems more like a radiative heatshield, where excess heat is radiated away, like the shuttle RCC. However, the problem with the shuttle RCC (And, presumably Titanium-steel) is that they are as good at conducting heat as they are radiating it. This means that the Titanium-steel will conduct heat to the rest of the ship. Not only does the computer need to be cooled, but systems to deploy the landing gear, the RCS, the MEs, etc. Add to that, whatever payload you are carrying might not like being heated up too much. Since the methane (and LOX) tanks take up a lot of space, it might be better to make the upper hull out of thinner material, possibly aluminium.

Considering where this craft would be working, and the stresses it endures on the way down, it would have to be pretty robust. It needs a minimal use of electronics, and must be maintainable with substances found on Mars. Nothing like the current space shuttle. Think of an aircraft operating out of the Siberian tundra. It must be very robust, like many russian aircraft. [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 20:43, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
*Sorry about “titanium steel.” That shows that I am not very familiar with titanium alloys. Try Grade 6 titanium alloy, containing 5% Aluminum and 2.5% Tin. Perhaps Grade 5 or Grade 9 would be better. I do not feel capable of making a final determination of alloy, but it isn’t going to be simple aluminum. It seems that I have heard of some heat resistant aluminum based alloys, but I can not name a good candidate at the moment.
*As far as cargo heating is concerned, this thing takes cargo up for shipping exports. It comes down empty. That is when the heat threat is a worry. The landing skids are constantly deployed. They are part of the airframe, like ventral fins. The flaps are operated by heat resistant cables. The control motors are in the same insulated box as the electronics. A section of the air frame with the cross section reducing from fore to aft will not have such serious heat threat problems. The reaction control nozzles can stick out there. Any unused reaction control fuel can be dumped once the flaps bite. What are “MEs?”
*I am not familiar with what you mean by heat soak, but the vehicle I describe would just soak up the heat and get hot. The idea is that the exposure to maximum heat threat will be short enough that it will not melt.
*Minimizing the use of electronics would not make the craft more rugged. Electronic components can keep going for decades. Electronics are light enough that spare boards can be shipped with the craft without significant extra expense. Anything that fails can be swapped out. That is Siberia level maintenance. The electronics are necessary for this thing to work.
*Since I am not an aeronautical engineer, I put only limited faith in my own suggestion, but nothing written here so far seems like a serious objection. --[[User:Farred|Farred]] 22:15, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
*I can only roughly guess what speed would be necessary for landing. I guess 1000 miles per hour. That is about mach1.9 on Mars. There is reason for thinking the thermal threat will not be too great. Besides there being only 20% of the energy per pound of reentering spacecraft as there is on Earth, the carbon dioxide atmosphere heats up to a lower temperature for any given amount of heat it absorbs because carbon dioxide is triatomic. Also since carbon dioxide is half again as heavy as the average air molecule, for any given temperature the average carbon dioxide molecule is moving only about 82% as fast as an average air molecule at that temperature. This means that carbon dioxide does not transfer heat as effectively to the skin of a supersonic aircraft as air does. The point of my greatest uncertainty is whether or not the craft can maintain orientational control while supersonic in ground effect. This is an almost completely untested area.

Pity it only takes cargo on the way up. If I wanted to export anything from the martian system it would probably be mined from Deimos or Phobos.
Landing large cargo on Mars is very tricky. Plans like Mars direct and Mars for less neglect landing.
The Mars Science Laboratory will land with A "skycrane" system. However, this may not hold up well to
sustainability. Is there any way this could be reconfigured for payload delivery to the Martian surface?
Modularity is a good idea. Anything that cannot be made on Mars should be brought from Earth. For example, the MEs (Main Engines, sorry.) will be quite complex. If one breaks, a new one could be delivered from Earth, and just "dropped in". Same with electronics.

What would the maintainance effort? And what about turnaround time? [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 08:57, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
*The supersonic landing Mars to low Mars orbit shuttle (MTLMOS) concept is just that, a concept. Taking cargo down to Mars would increase the mass of the shuttle and therefore the thermal threat, but I can not produce the numbers that would say that this is possible or that it is not. Just working out the shape of the supersonic airframe, its center of gravity, and control parameters would be quite a task. If someone does that, they might say, “Yeah, we can take a little cargo on the downward leg.” They might say, “We tried but we just can not make it work. It always goes wild on the runway before touchdown and tumbles itself to death.”
*The Space Shuttle Main Engines are notorious for requiring much maintenance between flights, but sadly the over all system is even worse. I would say that if the MTLMOS can not be turned around is less than a week, it should probably not be built. I have faith that handily operable to orbit systems will one day be realized, but that faith does not allow me to answer detailed questions about how they will work. --'''FARTHERRED'''11:10 Central Standard Time 6 November 2008

It makes sense to me that this article be shared between Marspedia and Lunarpedia rather than having two separate articles. I have mirrored it onto Marspedia, and plan on adding more content soon. Let me know if this is a bad idea, I am newer to Lunarpedia than Marspedia. --[[User:Laertes|Laertes]] 01:05, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
:Thanks Laertes,--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 21:11, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
*The edit by Laertes at 00:38 on 8January2009 moved the description of volatiles on Phobos from a possibility to a declaration. It seems likely that this was inadvertant. If Laertes wants this to be a definite statement there should be a reference to indicate how we know Phobos is rich in volatiles.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 22:41, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
:Yeah, I missed that. It is fixed now, plus a reference. Thanks for the help.--[[User:Laertes|Laertes]] 00:38, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Luna-Mars Trade

2009-01-10T00:36:45Z

Laertes: fixing phobos volatiles

[[Mars]] could return dividends at the same time that Luna does if they join forces.
==Lunar Needs==
Luna has considerable potential for manufacturing and shipping goods into [[orbit]] about [[Earth]] where it can be of financial benefit, but Luna is short of [[Hydrogen]], [[Nitrogen]], and [[Carbon]]. These elements are not only necessary for life, they are useful for many industrial processes. Mars has all of these elements in reasonably recoverable concentrations, and could export them to Luna and Earth orbiting factories.
===Mars to Luna Transport===
The cost of lifting items from Mars could become considerably less than the cost of lifting them from Earth. Low Mars orbit, at an altitude of 100 miles, has a velocity of 3440 meters per second, less than half of the velocity needed to orbit Earth at that altitude, more than twice the velocity needed to orbit Luna. With reusable rockets built on Earth to use liquid methane and liquid oxygen, if the exhaust velocity is 3500 meters per second, there should be 36% of the take-off weight in orbit. With wings for a supersonic in ground effect landing in the 0.1 psi Martian [[atmosphere]], the empty weight should be held to 30% leaving 6% of the take-off weight as cargo. If the technology for the supersonic in ground effect landing is not ready soon enough, there is always the possibility of mining [[Phobos]].

A [[skyhook]] is an interesting alternative both for Luna and Mars. Probably, it allows even more cost reduction.

===Mining Phobos===
Phobos may be rich in volatiles<ref>Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry of Phobos and Deimos http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002Icar..156...64R&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=452a3fe65704274</ref>, which are needed by Luna.
Phobos could be ground up and processed at one end and the tailings dumped at the other end. It should be many years before the entire moon is converted into tailings, during that time Luna and Earth orbiting factories should be churning out a great many solar power satellites, orbital habitats, and orbiting space ports to help lift traffic from Earth. If Phobos is 30% by weight volatiles and ships six thousand tons a year that is part ammonium cyanide and part propane, then after fifty years 100 billionths of Phobos will be processed.<ref> Phobos weighs 1*10^16 kg according to the Phobos article at Wikipedia.</ref>
==Martian Needs==
===Manufactured Goods===
Initial Martian settlements will have little industrial infrastructure, and will have to import many goods such as [[electronics]] and [[medicine]]. Lunar settlements are in a good position to supply these needs, as the energy cost of transport from Luna is much less than from Earth.
===Financing===
Like Lunar settlements, Martian settlements need funding to survive. Sales of Martian resources to Lunar and other interests could be a major source of cash.
===Luna to Mars Transportation===
{{expandsec}}
==Mutual Needs==
Settlements on Mars and Luna share many needs and opportunities.
===Information===
Information such as patented ideas, literature, scientific research, and computer programs can be created and traded between Luna and Mars at little to no transport expense using a [[radio link]].

*There seems reason to believe that supersonic in ground effect landing is a significant problem, and that it should yield to the proper effort, resulting in an economic Mars surface to Mars orbit shuttle. Donald Campbell was killed on the 4th of January, 1967 when the "Bluebird K7" racing boat flipped over and disintegrated at a speed greater than 300 mph. <ref> Bluebird K7 article at Wikipedia </ref> The problem seems to have been longitudinal instability when high ground effect lifting forces acted on a center of lift that shifted rapidly with changing attitude.
*This sort of problem is made more difficult by the need to consider the reflection of shock waves in supersonic flight in ground effect. Such problems were handled successfully when the "Thrust SSC" broke the speed of sound on land during a 15th of October 1997 setting of the world's land speed record. <ref> http://www.speedace.info/thrust_ssc </ref>
*An ordinary wind tunnel by itself is insufficient for testing craft in supersonic ground effect conditions. A moving belt of caterpillar like treads on the bottom of the wind tunnel moving as fast as the gas in the wind tunnel could simulate the runway rushing past during landing. Having a belt of treads that are broad enough and move fast enough for the simulation would be expensive, but not as expensive as doing the testing on Mars. At least with only 0.1 psi of carbon dioxide needed for a simulation, it would not cost as much as otherwise to fill the wind tunnel with cold carbon dioxide.
==references==
<references/>

[[category:Business]]

Luna-Mars Trade

2009-01-08T00:38:04Z

Laertes: lnks + punctuation

[[Mars]] could return dividends at the same time that Luna does if they join forces.
==Lunar Needs==
Luna has considerable potential for manufacturing and shipping goods into [[orbit]] about [[Earth]] where it can be of financial benefit, but Luna is short of [[Hydrogen]], [[Nitrogen]], and [[Carbon]]. These elements are not only necessary for life, they are useful for many industrial processes. Mars has all of these elements in reasonably recoverable concentrations, and could export them to Luna and Earth orbiting factories.
===Mars to Luna Transport===
The cost of lifting items from Mars could become considerably less than the cost of lifting them from Earth. Low Mars orbit, at an altitude of 100 miles, has a velocity of 3440 meters per second, less than half of the velocity needed to orbit Earth at that altitude, more than twice the velocity needed to orbit Luna. With reusable rockets built on Earth to use liquid methane and liquid oxygen, if the exhaust velocity is 3500 meters per second, there should be 36% of the take-off weight in orbit. With wings for a supersonic in ground effect landing in the 0.1 psi Martian [[atmosphere]], the empty weight should be held to 30% leaving 6% of the take-off weight as cargo. If the technology for the supersonic in ground effect landing is not ready soon enough, there is always the possibility of mining [[Phobos]].
===Mining Phobos===
Phobos is rich in volatiles, which are needed by Luna.
Phobos could be ground up and processed at one end and the tailings dumped at the other end. It should be many years before the entire moon is converted into tailings, during that time Luna and Earth orbiting factories should be churning out a great many solar power satellites, orbital habitats, and orbiting space ports to help lift traffic from Earth. If Phobos is 30% by weight volatiles and ships six thousand tons a year that is part ammonium cyanide and part propane, then after fifty years 100 billionths of Phobos will be processed.<ref> Phobos weighs 1*10^16 kg according to the Phobos article at Wikipedia.</ref>
==Martian Needs==
===Manufactured Goods===
Initial Martian settlements will have little industrial infrastructure, and will have to import many goods such as [[electronics]] and [[medicine]]. Lunar setlements are in a good position to supply these needs, as the energy cost of transport from Luna is much less than from Earth.
===Financing===
Like Lunar settlements, Martian settlements need funding to survive. Sales of Martian resources to Lunar and other interests could be a major source of cash.
===Luna to Mars Transportation===
{{expandsec}}
==Mutual Needs==
Settlements on Mars and Luna share many needs and opportunities.
===Information===
Information such as pattented ideas, literature, scientific research, and computer programs can be created and traded between Luna and Mars at little to no transport expense using a [[radio link]].

*There seems reason to believe that supersonic in ground effect landing is a significant problem, and that it should yield to the proper effort, resulting in an economic Mars surface to Mars orbit shuttle. Donald Campbell was killed on the 4th of January, 1967 when the "Bluebird K7" racing boat flipped over and disintegrated at a speed greater than 300 mph. <ref> Bluebird K7 article at Wikipedia </ref> The problem seems to have been longitudinal instability when high ground effect lifting forces acted on a center of lift that shifted rapidly with changing attitude.
*This sort of problem is made more difficult by the need to consider the reflection of shock waves in supersonic flight in ground effect. Such problems were handled successfully when the "Thrust SSC" broke the speed of sound on land during a 15th of October 1997 setting of the world's land speed record. <ref> http://www.speedace.info/thrust_ssc </ref>
*An ordinary wind tunnle by itself is insufficient for testing craft in supersonic ground effect conditions. A moving belt of catapillar like treads on the bottom of the wind tunnel moving as fast as the gas in the wind tunnel could simulate the runway rushing past during landing. Having a belt of treads that are broad enough and move fast enough for the simulation would be expensive, but not as expensive as doing the testing on Mars. At least with only 0.1 psi of carbon dioxide needed for a simulation, it would not cost as much as otherwise to fill the wind tunnel with cold carbon dioxide.
*references
<references/>

[[category:Business]]

Talk:Luna-Mars Trade

2009-01-07T01:05:58Z

Laertes: It makes sense to me that this article be shared between Marspedia and Lunarpedia rather than having two separate articles. I have mirrored it onto Marspedia, and plan on adding more content soon...

Luna-Mars Trade

2009-01-07T01:00:34Z

Laertes: Adding a little organization, Martian considerations

Mars could return dividends at the same time that Luna does if they join forces.
==Lunar Needs==
Luna has considerable potential for manufacturing and shipping stuff into orbit about Earth where it can be of financial benefit, but Luna is short of Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Carbon. These elements are not only necessary for life, they are useful for many industrial processes. Mars has all of these elements in reasonably recoverable concentrations, and could export them to Luna and Earth orbiting factories.
===Mars to Luna Transport===
The cost of lifting them from Mars could become considerably less than the cost of lifting them from Earth. Low Mars orbit, at an altitude of 100 miles has a velocity of 3440 meters per second, less than half of the velocity needed to orbit Earth at that altitude, more than twice the velocity needed to orbit Luna. With reusable rockets built on Earth to use liquid methane and liquid oxygen, if the exhaust velocity is 3500 meters per second, there should be 36% of the take-off weight in orbit. With wings for a supersonic in ground effect landing in the 0.1 psi Martian atmosphere, the empty weight should be held to 30% leaving 6% of the take-off weight as cargo. If the technology for the supersonic in ground effect landing is not ready soon enough, there is always the possibility that Phobos is stuffed with volatiles.
===Mining Phobos===
Phobos could be ground up and processed at one end and the tailings dumped at the other end. It should be many years before the entire moon is converted into tailings, during that time Luna and Earth orbiting factories should be churning out a great many solar power satellites, orbital habitats, and orbiting space ports to help lift traffic from Earth. If Phobos is 30% by weight volatiles and ships six thousand tons a year that is part ammonium cyanide and part propane, then after fifty years 100 billionths of Phobos will be processed.<ref> Phobos weighs 1*10^16 kg according to the Phobos article at Wikipedia.</ref>
==Martian Needs==
===Manufactured Goods===
Initial Martian settlements will have little industrial infrastructure, and will have to import many goods such as electronics and medicine. Lunar setlements are in a good position to supply these needs, as the energy cost of transport from Luna is much less than from Earth.
===Financing===
Like Lunar settlements, Martian settlements need funding to survive. Sales of Martian resources to Lunar and other interests could be a major source of cash.
===Luna to Mars Transportation===
{{expandsec}}
==Mutual Needs==
Settlements on Mars and Luna share many needs and opportunities.
===Information===
Information such as pattented ideas, literature, scientific research, and computer programs can be created and traded between Luna and Mars at little to no transport expense using a radio link.

*There seems reason to believe that supersonic in ground effect landing is a significant problem, and that it should yield to the proper effort, resulting in an economic Mars surface to Mars orbit shuttle. Donald Campbell was killed on the 4th of January, 1967 when the "Bluebird K7" racing boat flipped over and disintegrated at a speed greater than 300 mph. <ref> Bluebird K7 article at Wikipedia </ref> The problem seems to have been longitudinal instability when high ground effect lifting forces acted on a center of lift that shifted rapidly with changing attitude.
*This sort of problem is made more difficult by the need to consider the reflection of shock waves in supersonic flight in ground effect. Such problems were handled successfully when the "Thrust SSC" broke the speed of sound on land during a 15th of October 1997 setting of the world's land speed record. <ref> http://www.speedace.info/thrust_ssc </ref>
*An ordinary wind tunnle by itself is insufficient for testing craft in supersonic ground effect conditions. A moving belt of catapillar like treads on the bottom of the wind tunnel moving as fast as the gas in the wind tunnel could simulate the runway rushing past during landing. Having a belt of treads that are broad enough and move fast enough for the simulation would be expensive, but not as expensive as doing the testing on Mars. At least with only 0.1 psi of carbon dioxide needed for a simulation, it would not cost as much as otherwise to fill the wind tunnel with cold carbon dioxide.
*references
<references/>

[[category:Business]]

Platinum

2009-01-03T13:42:33Z

Laertes: Undo revision 10876 by 208.109.123.121 (Talk)

{{Element |
name=Platinum |
symbol=Pt |
available= |
need= |
number=78 |
mass=195.078 |
group=10 |
period=6 |
phase=Solid |
series=Transition Metals |
density=21.45 g/cm3 |
melts=2041.4K, 1768.3°C, 3214.9°F |
boils=4098K, 3825°C, 6917°F |
isotopes=192 194 195 196 198 |
prior=[[Iridium|Ir]] |
next=[[Gold|Au]] |
above=[[Palladium|Pd]] |
aprior=[[Rhodium|Rh]] |
anext=[[Silver|Ag]] |
below=[[Darmstadtium|Ds]] |
bprior=[[Meitnerium|Mt]] |
bnext=[[Roentgenium|Rg]] |
radius=135 |
bohr=177 |
covalent=128 |
vdwr=175 |
irad=(+4) 63 |
ipot=9.0 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d9 6s1 |
eshell=2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 |
enega=2.4 |
eaffin=2.13 |
oxstat=2, '''4''' |
magn=Paramagnetic |
cryst=Face centered cubic |
}}
'''Platinum''' is a Transition Metal in group 10.
It has a Face centered cubic crystalline structure.
This element has 5 stable isotopes: 192, 194, 195, 196, and 198.
 

==Related Articles==
*[[Platinum Group Metals]]
*[[Ruthenium]]
*[[Rhodium]]
*[[Palladium]]
*[[Osmium]]
*[[Iridium]]
*[[Resource Values]]
*[[Periodic Table]]

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Paramagnetic Elements]]
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Transition Metals ]]

Platinum

2009-01-03T13:41:54Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14829 by 216.70.43.22 (Talk)

acvibasrod
{{Element |
name=Platinum |
symbol=Pt |
available= |
need= |
number=78 |
mass=195.078 |
group=10 |
period=6 |
phase=Solid |
series=Transition Metals |
density=21.45 g/cm3 |
melts=2041.4K, 1768.3Â°C, 3214.9Â°F |
boils=4098K, 3825Â°C, 6917Â°F |
isotopes=192 194 195 196 198 |
prior=[[Iridium|Ir]] |
next=[[Gold|Au]] |
above=[[Palladium|Pd]] |
aprior=[[Rhodium|Rh]] |
anext=[[Silver|Ag]] |
below=[[Darmstadtium|Ds]] |
bprior=[[Meitnerium|Mt]] |
bnext=[[Roentgenium|Rg]] |
radius=135 |
bohr=177 |
covalent=128 |
vdwr=175 |
irad=(+4) 63 |
ipot=9.0 |
econfig=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d9 6s1 |
eshell=2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 |
enega=2.4 |
eaffin=2.13 |
oxstat=2, '''4''' |
magn=Paramagnetic |
cryst=Face centered cubic |
}}
'''Platinum''' is a Transition Metal in group 10.
It has a Face centered cubic crystalline structure.
This element has 5 stable isotopes: 192, 194, 195, 196, and 198.
 

==Related Articles==
*[[Platinum Group Metals]]
*[[Ruthenium]]
*[[Rhodium]]
*[[Palladium]]
*[[Osmium]]
*[[Iridium]]
*[[Resource Values]]
*[[Periodic Table]]

{{Autostub}}
[[Category:Paramagnetic Elements]]
[[Category:Solids]]
[[Category:Transition Metals ]]

User:Laertes

2008-12-18T11:12:37Z

Laertes: New page: {{Go to marspedia user}}

User talk:Mdelaney

2008-12-18T11:10:23Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14758 by 201.6.3.241 (Talk)

{|align=right
|__TOC__
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== Exodictionary ==

== Lunarpedia ==

=== Add things, but don't remove. ===

==== Stuff for help & tutorials: ====

'''To use [[Template:Historical Essay]] include the following:''' 
<nowiki>{{Historical Essay|Author = [[User:Wikisysop|ASI MOO Object #100]]}}</nowiki>

[[:Image:Apollopt1-2.pdf|PDF Apollo Program Summary Report - (pages 2-29 to 3-21)]] 
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[[Image:Apollopt1-2.pdf]] 
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==== Ref tags ====
This section has now been replaced by a walk-through document [[Lunarpedia:Using_Ref_tags|Using Ref tags]]. There is a link to it on the help page available by clicking the Help link in the sidebar. It's also included the Help category and available from the category tree.

==== Hazards Template ====
{| align="center" style="border:1px solid #3F0000;"
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</DIV>
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==== InterWiki ====
[[Helium3]] 
[[Test_Inputbox]] 
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'''''Sandboxes''''' 
[[Sandbox]] 
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'''''namespace collision and excessive typing test''''' 
[[lunarpedia:Lunarpedia:History]] 

==== Dotted Border ====
Mare[3] Anguis Park[4] is melting in the darkTemplate:Fact.
All those cosmic[5] rays are pouring down
Someone dropped the[6] cake in Regolith
Do not think that I'll forget it
'Cause[7] it took so long to get it
And they'll never ship[8] to here from Earth again!
OH NOOOOOOOOOOOOO!

==== Test Table ====



{|align=left
|__TOC__
|}
{| style="border-style:none;border-width:0px"
| style="border-style:dashed; border-width:1px; border-color:#668B88;" | Testing.. Word wrap? what's a word wrap? blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
|}

==== Test Inputbox ====

<inputbox>
type=create
buttonlabel=Create Article
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
default=Category:
buttonlabel=Create Category
</inputbox>

==== Test TeX ====

<math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}</math>

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== Marspedia ==
===Spambot concerns===

Hi Mike. What is the situation with blocking anon spambot attacks? I'm patrolling Marspedia regularly and cleaning up the damage, but it looks like Lunarpedia and Exodictionary are getting hammered. Let me know if I can help. -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 19:03, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

:It looks like I'm going to have to install captchas and require email confirmation for new accounts on those wikis. I already did that with Lunarpedia and Marspedia (at least the captchas). Nut needless to say I can't recall the procedure. So I'll have to spend a some time reading up on it first.

:Incidentally, I don't think the problems on those wikis are down to bots, just some low paid Chinese workers. -- [[User:Mdelaney|Mdelaney]] 08:22, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

===Um, some help needed===
Hi Mike, embarrassing problem here. I have blocked myself out of Marspedia.... I didn't actually think I could do that! I try to unblock myself, it works, but then the wiki realises I was unblocked on a previously blocked IP address and locks me out again! Not entirely sure how i made the mistake, was just being too quick when blocking a spambot IP, looks like I clicked on the wrong "block" tag. Isn't this a bit of a bug? Blocking oneself shouldn't be an option (unless you don't trust yourself not to spam your own pages!). Many thanks in advance. -- an embarrassed [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 04:18, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

==Links==
All of the links are now in bold, and we can no longer see our watched pages on the recent changes page. Is there a way to get around this for pages and articles, but leave it as is for the top and side bars? -- [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 20:53, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

There is, but it'll take me a while to dig through the CSS and find it. I never thought of that since I don't use Watched Pages. -- [[User:Mdelaney|Mdelaney]] 21:01, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Ok, I've rolled back to a previous version of the css on Lunarpedia, that should work, now I just have to do the same in all the other wikis. Shouldn't take too long to do them, it's a small change. -- [[User:Mdelaney|Mdelaney]] 02:07, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks Mike. I didn't stop and make any templates because i needed to do some work in the garden while a little rascal was still asleep. [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 05:03, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

== captcha installation ==

Hi Mike, can you please help with [[User talk:Strangelv#captcha installation|this]]? -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 11:53, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

User talk:Laertes

2008-12-18T01:42:18Z

Laertes:

Helium

2008-12-17T23:51:57Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14752 by 170.35.208.23 (Talk)

{{Element |
name=Helium |
symbol=He |
available=trace |
need= |
number=2 |
mass=4.002602 |
group=18 |
period=1 |
phase=Gas |
series=Noble gases |
density=0.1786 g/L |
melts=0.95K, -272.2°C, -458.0°F |
boils=4.22K, -268.93°C, -452.07°F |
isotopes=3 4 |
prior=[[Hydrogen|H]] |
next=[[Lithium|Li]] |
above=N/A |
aprior=N/A |
anext=N/A |
below=[[Neon|Ne]] |
bprior=[[Fluorine|F]] |
bnext=N/A |
radius=31 pm |
bohr= |
covalent=32 |
vdwr=140 |
irad=- |
ipot=24.59 |
econfig=1s2 |
eshell=2 |
enega= |
eaffin=Unstable anion |
oxstat=- |
magn= |
cryst=Hexagonal or body centered cubic |
}}
'''Helium''' is a component of the [[solar wind]], and hence is one of the [[volatiles]] found (in parts per million level) in [[Lunar regolith]]. It is a Noble gas in group 18 and is the second element in the [[Periodic Table of the Elements]]. This element has two stable isotopes: 3 and 4.

The most common isotope, Helium-4, has a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons, and two electrons. The less common isotope Helium-3 has two protons and one neutron.

==3He==
''Helium 3'' is a rare isotope of the element [[Helium]], consisting of a nucleus with two protons and one neutron. The approved abbreviation (for physics use) for Helium-3 is 3He, however, the abbreviation He3 is also seen. Since most of the Earth's helium is produced by alpha-decay of Uranium isotopes, resulting in 4He (the most common isotope of Helium), 3He is rare on Earth. It is comparatively more abundant in non-terrestrial sources, although even in non-terrestrial sources, only a small fraction of helium atoms are Helium 3. The [[Moon]] is a source of 3He, which is implanted into the lunar [[regolith]] by the [[solar wind]]. Helium is present in the soil in quantities of ten to a hundred (weight) parts per million, and 0.003 to 1 percent of this amount (depending on soil) is 3He.

===Helium 3 as a Fusion Reaction Fuel===

It has been proposed that 3He might be a possible fuel for a [[Nuclear Fusion]] reactor to produce energy using the nuclear reaction:

2D + 3He --> 4He + 1H

This reaction has the advantage over the more-commonly proposed D-T fusion reaction that the reaction produces only charged particles (an alpha particle and a proton), with no production of neutrons. However, the corresponding difficulty is that the D-3He reaction has an ignition barrier that is twice as high as the barrier to igniting D-T fusion, because of the fact that the Helium nucleus has twice the charge of a Tritium nucleus. Gerald Kulcinski's group at the Fusion Technology Institute of the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] has operated an experimental He3 fusion reactor for an extended period, on a non-governmental research budget <ref>[http://www.thespacereview.com/article/536/1 Hedman, Eric; (Monday, January 16, 2006). "A fascinating hour with Gerald Kulcinski" (HTML). The Space Review. Jeff Foust, Ed. Retrieved on 2007-03-04]</ref>, however the reactor has not achieved energy balance or breakeven. So far, D-3He fusion has not yet demonstrated net energy production ("break even"). The development of commercial He3 reactors is dependent upon demonstrating "break even."

===Value of Lunar Helium 3 in Today's Market===

Since He3 has a high market value today, it might be worth collecting He3 from the Moon today simply to sell into the existing terrestrial market. Current market price for He3 is about $46,500 per troy ounce ($1500/gram, $1.5M/kg), more than 120 times the value per unit weight of [[Gold]] and over eight times the value of [[Rhodium]].

Questions:
*Can the cost of recovering He3 from the lunar surface be reduced to that level, e.g. $1500 per gram?
*What would be the capital cost of setting up a small He3 production facility on Luna?
*Would it depress the market price today? This depends on the size of the market, and there is little data.

The US [[Tritium]] and helium-3 stockpile sizes are classified, because they give a hint as to how many US nuclear weapons are still functional. According to Wikipedia “approximately 150 kilograms of it (He3) have resulted from decay of US [[Tritium]] production since 1955.” One could assume a similar quantity has been accumulated in the ex-USSR, and perhaps additionally from other thermonuclear powers (UK, France, China).

Today, the world's supply of Helium-3 can be counted in hundreds of kilograms, and the value of 100 kg would be $150M. So it may be assumed that the total stockpile value today is roughly about half a billion USD. The US DOE does sell He3 commercially, but how much of the present stockpile has actually been sold on the open market is an open question. Assuming that someone were to start at the level of collecting 100kg of He3 from the Moon and assume its value would be $150M, the cost of soft landing even a small probe on to the lunar surface may easily cost that much or more. How much He3 a small lander manufacture and how many grams per day have yet to be determined and production will rely on the method of processing.

A [[Volatiles|commonly discussed method]] is cooking the [[regolith]] to about 1400 degrees Fahrenheit or 760 degrees Celsius<ref>[http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/fdm817.pdf H. H. Schmitt et al; (November 1989). "Mining Helium-3 from the Moon - A Solution to the Earth's Energy Needs in the 21st Century."]</ref>. They describe three steps:
1) heat to a few hundred deg C to drive off the volatiles 2) fractional distillation to decant off the heavy volatiles 3) separate He3 from the He4 using the standard superleak process. Two challenges are devising a method to process large quantities of regolith as the He3 is at a low concentration, and providing a high power thermally efficient heat source on the Moon. This would need a large amount of energy, requiring the lander to have either a nuclear source (either [[Nuclear Fission]] or [[RTG]]), or large [[Solar Power|solar panels]]. [[Basalt]] has specific heat capacity of 0.24 cal/g/degreeC or 0.84 KJ/kg degreeK. To heat 1kg of basalt by 700 degrees Celsius requires about 600 KJ. The highest concentration of He3 in the Maria regions is 0.01ppm in the regolith. This means that 600 KJ will yield 0.01 milligrams of He3. Using these numbers, a 600 Watt power source could produce 0.01 milligrams of He3 per second = 0.6 mg/minute = 36mg/hour = 864mg/day = 315 grams per year. Whether this business concept is viable depends on how quickly a group or entity wants to amortize their investment. If an arbitrary target is to produce 100 kg He3 in one year, then a power source of about 200 KW would be needed. That would give a revenue stream of $150M per year '''if''' the He3 market does not become flooded and the price drops.

A [[Solar Power]] based system would be in darkness 50% of the time, so would need to operate at 400 KW. If it were on a lunar polar mountain top it might be in near continuous illumination. Assuming a best case scenario of 100% lighting, 10% photo voltaic efficiency and a fully steerable array, this would need an area of about 2,000 square meters, or about 45 meters on a square side. A simple non-PV solar reflector could be near 100% efficient, needing only 200 square meters or about 14 meters on a square side, or aperture. Setting up a 14 meter aperture mirror on the Moon would be a major engineering challenge, although it would not need to be particularly accurate as in the case of an astronomical telescope mirror.

Open Questions:
*How much would a 14 meter aperture mirror weigh?
*Would a [[Nuclear Fission]] power plant have better performance per kilogram of lander payload?

More thermal analysis needs to be done, as it may be possible to recycle the heat using some form of cogeneration. One possibility is to use the hot processed regolith to pre-heat the next incoming batch of raw dust, and thus reduce the number of solar joules needed. This could greatly reduce the size of solar array needed and/or significantly increase the system mass throughput.

== Applications ==
[[Image:Laser_DSC09088.JPG|thumb|right|px|An He-Ne laser]]
*Medical Lung Imaging
:According to Wikipedia:
:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_3
:Details on this experimental application of He3: http://cerncourier.com/main/article/41/8/14

{{expandsec}}

==Links==

*[[Resource Values | Value of commodities (including He3)]]

== External Links ==
*[http://www.tunl.duke.edu/nucldata/HTML/A=3/03He_1987.shtml Nuclear data]

==References==

<references/>

{{Cleanup}}
[[Category:Gases]]
[[Category:Noble Gases]]

Buy-In Explained

2008-12-17T23:51:12Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14751 by 170.35.208.23 (Talk)

{|align=right
|__TOC__
|}

How did the great pyramids get built? How could anybody get a large number of people to take on such a daunting project? Buy-in is how. To return to the Moon we must understand this very human process.

Buy-in is also a key concept in [[Disempowering Terrorists]].

==Comprehending Buy-in==

Most technical people have a gut feel for the concept of Buy-in. If you experience a buy-in, you hear an idea, you comprehend the idea, you envision yourself succeeding with the idea, you express your support for the idea, and you get in action on the idea.

Please think back on some time when you took on a great project and then stayed with that project for a long time. It could be something from work or a hobby. It could be physical or mental. Sometimes it is about getting something big done. Sometimes it is about self improvement.

Think back on the state of your mind that kept you going. Particularly think back on the hard times when the project was almost stopped. That state of mind is buy-in.

For most people the buy-in state of mind includes a daydream of themselves succeeding with the project. Did you have such a daydream? Did it make any real sense? Did that matter?

The power of buy-in was shown recently with the Mars Rover mission. The JPL team appeared in the heights of ecstasy on national television as their two landers bounced onto the Marian surface. The elevated state of this team was so infectious that even the Governor Schwarzenegger had to be there and the event was played over and over again on PBS. This type of elation is one of the great attractions of technical project work.

Most project people have these daydreams and relish the buy-in state of mind. If this idea rings true to you then continue. If it does not, you might try talking the idea over with friends and coworkers to see how common this experience is.

==Defining Buy-in==

Various authors use a number terms for this concept. It may be called buy-in, enrollment, owning the process, or signing up. It also can be hidden within larger efforts like military recruitment and corporate sells. These are all variations on one theme.

Under buy-in we hear about a new project, we envision ourselves succeeding with the project, we get in action on the project, and we stay in action on the project. President Kennedy's "We choose to go to the Moon" speech is one of the strongest examples of buy-in in the 20th century. We listened, we envisioned success as a nation, we got into action, we went to the moon. A good buy-in can take place in ten minutes and keep us in action for ten years.

Sales is first cousin to buy-in, but is not the same thing. The first part of both efforts is remarkably similar. The difference comes at the end. At the end of a sale, a product or service has been exchanged for resources and the transaction is concluded. At the same stage in buy-in, the person is in action and will stay in action for a long time.

The heavy use our new understanding of the human brain was introduced into sales in the 1990's. This effort resulted in such industries as the Sport's Utility Vehicle (SUV). Many of these practitioners got very wealthy and are keeping most of their procedures proprietary.

Only by understanding how buy-in works do we have the power to generate it. We now have an excellent model of this process that can be applied to solving our great problems and taking advantage of great opportunities.

==Step-by-Step Buy-in==

Human beings are doers of great projects. Our brain model can help us understand how such projects are started and sustained. We will need to build and communicate positive world views that invite buy-in to productive projects.

If you are a doer of projects then the following explanation of buy-in generation should be easy for you to relate to your personal experience. While reading it, think back to the start of your best project. How did you get roped into it? What vision of success kept you going though hard periods? How did being in action on a project make you feel?

To enable people to effectively generate and accept buy-in requires a step-by-step process, a formal version of buy-in. Here are the specific steps in the process for inviting people to buy into your idea as it might occur at a project kickoff meeting:

=== '''1. Paying attention '''===

When people arrive at a presentation, they are often distracted by things that happened to them just getting there; the traffic was horrible; the weather is worse, here is my very important excuse for being late. None of this is really important but we do need to get it out of the way. The best way to do this is through language. Get people to talk among themselves before the presentation starts. Get your support people to talk to the audience members a little. Hold a conversation with a few key people yourself. Work the crowd a little. Do not bother to take notes on what is said; just get them to say anything about whatever is in the way. It does not have to make much sense. Like excuses, once spoken, the distractive stuff will then fade away into the background.

=== '''2. This is important to you '''===

Get the audience to start thinking about how your idea could make them successful in their lives. This starts the Vision of Success process. Be sure they see the presentation as unusual enough to be interesting, but not so unusual as to be threatening. In this process, connect personally with the audience. Make sure they know that you are inviting them to contribute to the project and become part of it.

=== '''3. Present the idea '''===

Here you may use any form of media that the audience will find interesting. These days everything is flashy pictures, which is okay but they will not do your job for you. The presentation must be inspiring and show your personal commitment.

Here is where the skill of being a presenter and, to some extent, the skill of generating inspiration, come to the fore. They are crafts to be learned and practiced. Make a study of delivering an inspiring presentation. You can do it.

Examples of how the idea has affected your personal life are usually accepted as important human-to-human communications, but they must be sincere. Over-rehearsed testimonials will put an audience off. Canned jokes and cynical quips can definitely break the development of the idea. If you sound like a TV pitchman or a preacher, then you will be heard as such.

The presentation must have content, that is, information of real value to the audience must be there. Whiz-bang and flash are not enough. Lack of real content was one of the major problems in the Dot-Com boom and bust. In that boom, technical people demonstrated simultaneously that you can build Visions of Success on pure whiz-bang and that a boom built on this foundation of sand will not last.

The presentation must have integrity. Human beings have a specific brain module for spotting phonies. This module is hardwired to an anxiety center. It is so astute that advertisements in magazines and on TV must have a recognizable format different from the program content. If the ads look and sound too much like the real content, people will first be fooled and then get very angry. Done poorly, a formal buy-in presentation comes across as a hidden hard sell, and it will then greatly upset people.

Most of our integrity problems in life come from our saying one thing and doing another. It is very important to be up front about what you are doing and to hide nothing. Early on you need to find a good way to say that you are intentionally trying to get people into action on your great idea.

=== '''4. Invitation to Buy-in '''===

Don't use fancy graphics, you can leave something on the screen, but it must not be very interesting and it certainly must not be moving around or flashing. The next step must be done in language only. It can be written in text but it is most often spoken. You must assist the people of the audience in generating their individual Vision of Success with your idea. You should then see at least a few eyes light up.

Make it perfectly clear that it is completely all right if they choose not to buy into your idea, but invite them to do so just the same. They must have free choice or they will later angrily reject the idea.

=== '''5. Opportunity for language '''===

Give everyone in the audience a chance to be moved to language. This usually means at least some time for questions and answers. But if the audience is large, you may need to get them talking among themselves for five minutes or send them to dinner in groups. Listen for any version of "I'm for this idea." With young people, it could be as simple as the word, "Cool."

=== '''6. Short-term actions '''===

Make sure that there is some opportunity for short-term action. Something is available they can do this week without actually committing to changing their lives. Reference lists to take home and Web sites to surf are great here. It is not necessary that they be able to contact you personally, but a contact possibility with an appropriate organization or discussion group will be most helpful. If they have bought in, they need to have a clear next step to take.

=== '''7. Long-term action '''===

Make doubly sure that there is an opportunity for long-term action available. They need to know how they can make a real contribution to the project. These are the actions that get the job done and get the problems solved.

=== '''8. Vision of Success in memory '''===

You should suggest that they recall their Vision of Success from time to time. This can take the form of describing your personal practices in this area.

==Consequences of Buy-in==

Do not expect this process to be 100% successful. A 5% improvement over having no plan and just prattling on is great. The results compound like interest. Getting a response of "I'll think about it," is much better than getting one of "never"; they may be slowly building their Vision of Success.

The key to our success is to get each person to envision a positive personal vision of success to keep them in action. This will also help them to reject negative ones.

I first encounter this model under the name Enrollment in training courses of Landmark Education Corporation in about 1995. Their courses are still widely available and are about the best available for learning this approach.

==The Lunarpedia Buy-in==

What Lunarpedia is then is an invitation to a buy-in for its core idea of human being returning to settle the Moon. It invites you to understand this idea, envision yourself succeeding with this idea, and getting in action on this idea.

Above all we will provide people with a positive vision of the future as a basis of action.

----

There are a lot more ideas on the [[Purposes List]].

[[Category:Purposes]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Planning]]
[[Category:Marketing]]
[[Category:Social Psychology]]

Meme Theory

2008-12-17T23:50:46Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14750 by 203.113.137.169 (Talk)

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|__TOC__
|}

 Memes and the Moon 
----

One thing we need to do is change the tools we use to think about the Moon. There is a start on a science on how to do this called Meme Theory. The odd thing is that such changes are done all the time.

==Examples of Memes, the long and the short of it==

A Meme is a structure made of information in the human brain. It functions as a unit and can be passed from one person to another through communications, primarily language. A meme can exist in a society for a short time or for an amazingly long time.

Short lived meme include fads and fashions. Ideas, like Pet Rocks, that are all the rage one moment and gone the next. They feel real and people are in action on them; then they vanish. Clearly we can both generate and modify short-lived Memes.

Long-lived memes are another story altogether. These are data only structures that can last for a thousand years. The Jewish dietary laws, (what is kosher) are a meme that has been steady for at least four thousand years.

We must learn to identify these two very different types of memes so that we can apply our actions to what we can change and not waste time beating our heads against a wall unnecessarily.

==Approaching the use of Memes==

Looking at our great problems in space exploration, we can see that many of them have cultural elements that we will have to change to solve the problems. For example, the idea that Earth is our only proper home, or the idea that space exploration is an expensive waste. These types of cultural elements are memes. They may be analyzed as a unit of software running on the human brain. A meme is a pure data only structure and therefore a true construct of the Information Age.

A separate entry was about physical brain modules, [[Modular Brain Theory]]. That idea combined with memes set up a hardware and software model of how the human brain works. It turns out that looking at our brains as hardware/software combination is an effective, practical way to approach the much more complex reality. From an engineering standpoint, this hardware/software model is a good way to go even though, like all models, it is obviously a simplification.

Memes are now the subject of a major academic study in which their ability to change by evolution has been of most interest. They are all subject to change much more readily than are the hardware brain modules, but their time-constants-for-change vary greatly. We need to be very clear on what we can and cannot do with memes.

==Changing Your Memes==

It must be stressed that intentionally programming the human brain is really nothing new. People have been talking other people into doing things their way since the invention of language. Since the industrial revolution an entire industry, advertising, has developed to do this very thing. What I am proposing, then, is just a new model for a long-standing human activity. The open question is whether or not this hardware/software approach is effective for problem solving given the newness of this approach and the level of difficulty of our the challenge we have taken on.

We can further detail our hardware/software model by recognizing that the hardware modules have some software components with long time-constants that are not open for us to change, and they also have some software components with shorter time-constants-for-change that we can handle. We can learn a new face and learn to attach an emotional response to it in only a few minutes. We would be very hard put to forget our emotional response to our mothers even over years. Some of this software changes moment by moment and other blocks are stable for thousands of years.

In addition, the hardware modules are also interconnected in complex ways that may be affected by software. In the physical world these connections are actual nerve fibers. Some of these interconnections are fixed from birth, and some can be reprogrammed with workable time-constants by training. Many forms of learning involve forming new nerve connections. Any specific module and its interconnections may be naturally weak or strong in an individual, and over time may become strengthened by use or weakened by atrophy.

==Hardware/Software in our Heads==

This then establishes our model of the human head:

*'''Hardware'''

A fixed hardware platform that is made up of many interconnected modules, most of which perform specific functions, and some of which interface with the outside world. This platform is comparable to a supercomputer made up of hundreds of PCs.

*'''Software'''

The software consists of changeable parameters for the individual modules, programmable interconnections between hardware modules, and meme complexes defining complex rules of social conduct. Only part of the software is available for our modification in a timely manner.

==Commercial Application==

These ideas have been in use in the field of advertising for more than a decade. One good example is the raise for the Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV).

In the late 1980's the automobile manufacturers had a problem. They could not sell as many high prophet big cars as they liked because they had to meet fleet emissions standards under CAFE. However, they could sell as many small trucks as they liked because small trucks were exempted.

How do you get people who what to buy a large car to buy a small truck instead?

The answer was to change the way they think. Detailed analysis of the human thought process as applied to the problem by a leading academic and the SUV was born.

==Problem Solving with Memes==

All in all, the systems of the human brain are most impressive and they are the systems we must deal with to solve our problems. The physical problems of settling the Moon are actually simpler. The value of this hardware/software model lies solely in its effectiveness as a tool for solving problems. It is not the truth. To solve problems with it, we must control at least some of the programming.

This model is particularly powerful in letting us sort out those things that we can change in a short time and those things we cannot. We can change short-lived memes, like peoples attitudes. We cannot change long-time stable brain modules, like emotional attachment to faces.

Do we now know enough about it to program this complex system intentionally?

If we do not have this power now; we will have it soon.

==Purpose as Meme==

One of our purposes for Lunarpedia then is to build new memes to support the return of people to the Moon.

For an example of how this can be done, see [[Name Help]].

----

There are a lot more ideas on the [[Purposes List]].

[[Category:Purposes]]
[[Category:Business]]

Chervil

2008-12-17T11:02:54Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14746 by 170.35.208.23 (Talk)

{|
|-
| Species Name: || Anthriscus cerefolium ||
|-
| Family: || Apiaceae ||
|-
| Height: || 20 inches ||
|-
| Spread: || 8 inches ||
|-
|}
Chervil is a member of the ''Apiaceae'' family which includes parsley and carrots.

"I find this plant to be a beautiful and aromatic addition to my own herb garden. It smells of liquorice, has vibrant green and sometimes purple tinged foliage, and tiny delicate white flowers. I use it fresh in salads, as a garnish in a glass of sambvca or tea, and When finely diced it is an excellent addition to steamed and buttered vegetables" -- [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 22:59, 17 January 2007 (PST)

==Care==
Chervil prefers cool, shaded, moist locations and will go to seed quickly if planted in areas of too much heat. The tap root is long, as with other members of this family, and does not like to be transplanted. Pinching off the tops of this herb will promote a longer growing season, and succesive sowing will allow a longer harvest.

==Uses==
Chervil is one of five components of the French ''fines herbes'', a mixture of fresh herbs used in french cuisine to decorate warm and cold dishes. ''Fines herbes'' is also the basis of ravigote sauce, a warm herbed veloute (stock or fumet based white sauce) which is served over fish or poultry.
This herb has a natural affinity for foods such as salmon, trout, young asparagus, new potatoes, baby green beans, carrots and salads of spring greens. 
The flavor of chervil can be lost easily by drying or from too much heat. It should be added at the end of cooking or sprinkled on before serving. 
The tap root of this plant is also edible.

==Preservation==
*Chervil can be refrigerated for up to a week in an air tight container.
*Can be added to white wine vinegar to preserve flavor and impregnate the vinegar.
*Can be kept for several days as a Pesto.

==Nutrition==
This herb contains only monor amounts of essential oil. 0.3% in fresh leaves and 0.9% in the seeds. Chervil contains methylchavicol (estragole) and hendecane (undecane).
{|
!Name
!Amount
|-
| Chervil(dried) || 1 gram/teaspoon ||
|-
| Ash: || 0.16g ||
|-
| Calcium: || 13mg ||
|-
| Calories: || 2 ||
|-
| Carbohydrates: || 0.5g ||
|-
| Cholesterol: || 0 ||
|-
| Copper: || .002ug ||
|-
| Fiber: || 0.1g ||
|-
| Iron: || 0.3mg ||
|-
| Magnesium: || 1mg ||
|-
| Manganese: || 0.01mg ||
|-
| Monosaturated fat: || 0.01g ||
|-
| Phosphorus: || 3mg ||
|-
| Polysaturated fat: || 0.01g ||
|-
| Potassium: || 28ug ||
|-
| Protien: || 0.1g ||
|-
| Saturated fat: || 0.001g ||
|-
| Selenium: || 0.2ug ||
|-
| Sodium: || 0.5mg ||
|-
| Total Lipids: || 0.02g ||
|-
| Vitamin A: || 7ug ||
|-
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): || 0.002mg ||
|-
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): || 0.004mg ||
|-
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin): || 0.03mg ||
|-
| Vitamin B5 (Pantotheic Acid): || 0 ||
|-
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): || 0.007mg ||
|-
| Vitamin C: || 0.3mg ||
|-
| Vitamin E: || 0.01mg ||
|-
| Zinc: || 0.05mg ||
|-
|}

==External Links==

*[http://www.sallys-place.com/food/columns/gilbert/chevil.htm Sally's Place]
*[http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Anth_cer.html Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages]
*[http://www.gardenguides.com/plants/info/herbs/chervil.asp GardenGuides.com]
*[http://www.epicurious.com/cooking/how_to/food_dictionary/entry?id=1835 Epicurious]
*[http://www.foodgenius.com/index.cgi?action=nutrition&ndb_no=2008 Food Genius]
*[http://www.evitamins.com/healthnotes.asp?ContentID=3733009 eVitamins]
*[http://www.recipezaar.com/library/getentry.zsp?id=322 Recipe Zaar]

[[Category:Agriculture]]
[[Category:Food]]

Quotes

2008-12-17T11:01:52Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14743 by 122.116.65.95 (Talk)

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Here are a few quotes and song lyrics that will provide inspiration for space settlement.

==Quotes==

* Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "Ulysses"

: ... my purpose holds to sail beyond the sunset,
: and the baths of all the western stars, until I die.
: It may be that the gulfs will wash us down.
: It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
: and see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
: Though much is taken,
: much abides;
: and though we are not now that strength which in the old days moved earth and heaven;
: that which we are, we are; one equal-temper of heroic hearts, ...

* Winston S. Churchill, "Their Finest Hour Speech", House of Commons, May 1940

:Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into ''broad, sunlit uplands''. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science.

:Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.

This quote is the source of the description of the lunar highlands as ''broad, sunlit uplands'' in our stories. (emphases added).
Tom Riley --[[User:Jriley|Jriley]] 06:38, 7 March 2007 (PST)

* Your favorite quote reviewed here
==Song Lyrics:==

Songs can be absolutely critical to building a movement. Some powerful examples include: "Amazing Grace" for the abolitionist movement and "We Shall Overcome" for the American civil rights movement. We need to find our song.

*Russell Watson, "Where My Heart Will Take Me (The Enterprise Theme)", (Addax Music Co., 2002), [[http://www.startreksoundtracks.com/lyrics/sts-lyrics-wheremyheart.html Lyric]]

: It´s been a long road, getting from there to here.
: It´s been a long time, but my time is finally near.
: And I can feel the change in the wind right now. Nothing´s in my way.
: And they´re not gonna hold me down no more, no they´re not gonna hold me down.

This is the first Star Trek theme with decent lyrics. It has real power to generate a vision of success associated with the movement of the human race out into space. All such movements must have a song.

For a real hoot sometime, look up the lyric to the original Star Trek series theme. It is so bad that it is camp.
Tom Riley --[[User:Jriley|Jriley]] 06:38, 7 March 2007 (PST)

* Don Henley, "The boys of summer", [[http://www.davemcnally.com/lyrics/DonHenley/TheBoysofSummer.asp Lyric]]

: Out on the road today, I saw a DEADHEAD sticker on a Cadillac
: A little voice Inside my head said, "Don't look back. You can never look back."
: I thought I knew what love was
: What did I know?
: Those days are gone forever
: I should just let them go but-

This is a simple love song about a summer love as felt at the end of the summer. The singer thinks he should let it go but he cannot quite make himself do it. This is the best description I have ever heard of our relationship to Apollo to the Moon. The entire force of this wiki hangs on that but-.
Tom Riley --[[User:Jriley|Jriley]] 06:38, 7 March 2007 (PST)

*Bob Dylan, "I'm alright Ma", [[http://www.bobdylan.com/songs/itsalright.html Lyric]]

: He not busy being born,
: Is busy dying.

As a civilization either we are going forward or we are going backwards. There is no treading water. Either we move out into space or we die on this rock.
Tom Riley --[[User:Jriley|Jriley]] 06:38, 7 March 2007 (PST)

* Pat Humphries, Song: "Swimming to the Other Side", from the album: "Hands", (Appleseed Recording, 2001), [[http://www.pathumphries.com/swimminglyric.html Lyric]]

: I am alone and I am searching
: Hungering for answers in my time
: I am balanced at the brink of wisdom
: I'm impatient to receive a sign
: I move forward with my senses open
: Imperfection it be my crime
: In humility I will listen,
: We're all Swimming to the Other Side

I feel this song rises to the level of an anthem for our new age just as "We Shall Overcome" was the anthem of the civil rights movement. It is that good. We need one this good for our adventure.
Tom Riley --[[User:Jriley|Jriley]] 06:38, 7 March 2007 (PST)

* Your review here

----

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Settlement]]

Lunarpedia:Using Ref tags

2008-12-17T11:00:07Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14745 by 194.167.56.78 (Talk)

[[Category:Help]]
== Example text<ref>The headline on this page</ref> ==

Suppose you want to reference a book in an article, how do you go about doing that?

Well, first you start by entering the text you want, something like this:

:{| style="border-style:none;border-width:0px"
| style="border-style:dashed; border-width:1px; border-color:#668B88;" | ''<nowiki>This is the type of operation described by Harrison Schmitt, in "Return to the Moon"</nowiki>''
|}

Now you want to add a reference to the book mentioned in that sentence, so you enter something like this:

:{| style="border-style:none;border-width:0px"
| style="border-style:dashed; border-width:1px; border-color:#668B88;" | ''<nowiki>This is the type of operation described by Harrison Schmitt, in "Return to the Moon"<ref>'''Return to the Moon''' ''Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space'' - Harrison Schmitt, Foreword by Neil Armstrong - 2005, ISBN 0-387-24285-6</ref>.</nowiki>''
|}

Somewhere on your page you add something like this:

:{| style="border-style:none;border-width:0px"
| style="border-style:dashed; border-width:1px; border-color:#668B88;" | <nowiki>===References===</nowiki> <nowiki><references/></nowiki>
|}

== Now for the real thing ==

This is the type of operation described by Harrison Schmitt, in "Return to the Moon"<ref>'''Return to the Moon''' ''Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space'' - Harrison Schmitt, Foreword by Neil Armstrong - 2005, ISBN 0-387-24285-6</ref>.

=== References ===

<references/>

== Also ==
By now, you've probably noticed that <nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki> can also be used in headlines just as I've done in the first headline on this page.

Sandworm Design

2008-12-17T00:08:14Z

Laertes:

[[Image:Sandworm01.jpg|frame| Humungous Ugly Sandworm]]
 
{|align=right
|__TOC__
|}

 Details of the Sandworm Design 

A lunar volatiles harvester will be the key piece of industrial equipment for the first lunar settlement.

One possible lunar volatiles harvester design is described in [[Sandworms]]. This article continues with details of that design. A supporting spread sheet is also available at [[Story Calculations]].

You can also find information on the original Mark II design at:

[http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/wcsar9311-2.pdf I.N. Sviatoslavsky, "The Challenge of Mining He-3 on the Lunar Surface: How All the Parts Fit Together", University of Wisconsin, November 1993]

A general technical specification for Lunar Volatiles Harvesters can be found at [[Volatiles Harvester Spec]].

==Systems==

Each key system of the miner must be considered in the design and many ideas for each system must be studied and tested. The key systems of the miner are:

;Handle the Regolith: Dig it, sieve it, move it into higher pressure, move it hot, move it out of higher pressure, then dump it out the back
;Heat to 700 C: Heat it to drive off volatiles. Recycle 85% of this heat.
;Collect Volatiles: This is essentially a high vacuum pump.
;Recover Iron Fines: Save the fine iron spheres for reuse.
;Power System: Provide kilowatts of power and remove the waste heat.
;Control System: Control this complex device and communicate with Earth.
;Motive: Move the device forward.
;Build it: The miner must be easy to construct with lunar material substituted for material from Earth as much as possible.
;Maintain it safely: The miner must be easy to repair by human and robot teams.
;Sleep at night: It must pass the night and wake up ready for work

==Power In==

The lunar miner is a large piece of industrial equipment requiring a large amount of power to operate. The majority of this power can be used in the form of heat to drive the volatiles out of the regolith. Additionally, power is needed in the form of electricity to run the electronics, transport the regolith, and drive the minor forward.

Solar energy is the obvious source for the lunar miner's power. It is abundant Â½ the time and is well understood. A number of possible ways to harness solar power have been discussed. Clearly a trade study is needed. The underlying physics is uncomplicated enough that such studies can be handled by students through the use of spread sheets (with some programming additions) and with ray tracing.

===Sizing Power Need===

Schmitt's numbers (pp 119) for the lunar miner are:

'''Mining power requirements'''

* lunar process energy (82 Gj/g of solar thermal energy) -- 12.3 MW
* Heat Recovery -- 85%
* Estimate operating electric power -- 200 KW

'''Mark II solar collector system'''

* Miner receiver dish (12 meters diameter) -- 112 m2
* Fixed solar reflector (110 meter diameter) -- 9500 m2

'''Alternative design'''

* Solar constant -- 1367 W/m2
* Concentration effectiveness -- 75%
* Solar panel efficiency (GaAs) -- 18.5%
* Solar panel output (GaAs) -- 253 W/m2

These numbers will need review as the design progresses. This level of power will require a very large solar collector supplemented with photovoltaic panels. Four physical arrangements for the solar concentrators should be considered in a trade study:

===Large Fixed Solar Relay===

In this approach a large tracking reflector is placed at fixed location some distance from the lunar miner. The large reflector relays concentrated sun light to a small receiving disk on the miner.

'''Advantages:'''

* The receiver disk on miner is of a manageable size.
* The receiver disk has a simplified tracking function.

'''Disadvantage:'''

* Inefficiency of the power relay
* Cost of separate installation.
* Cost and difficulty of construction of one large unit

===Hillside Multiple Relays===

A large number of smaller collectors are built on a hill side near the mining operation. The units are on very short towers and built with very low mass design.

'''Advantages:'''

* The receiver disk on miner is of a manageable size.
* The receiver disk has a simplified tracking function.
* Less mass from Earth required to build and operate
* Failure of any single disk does not stop mining

'''Disadvantage:'''

* Inefficiency of the power relay
* Cost of separate installation.
* Cost and difficulty of construction of many small units
* Availability of appropriately located hill side

===Single Full Disk on Miner===

The miner carries one large circular collector dish.

'''Advantages:'''

* The power does not have the relay losses.
* The geometry is simple and well understood

'''Disadvantage:'''

* The disk is large requiring a large moving base.
* The collector target moves

===Single Solar Forge Section on Miner===

A single collector consisting of only a section of a turned parabola is mounted on the miner.

'''Advantages:'''

* The power does not have the relay losses.
* Tracking the sun is relatively easy.
* The power receiver is in a fixed location.
* The designs supports heat rejection and easy of maintenance.

'''Disadvantage:'''

* The miner base is very large.
* The geometry is unusual

==Heat Out==

One of the most difficult tasks for a high power operation in space is to get rid of waste heat. All power systems operate by heat moving from a high temperature reservoir to a low temperature reservoir. The miner's high temperature reservoir is heated by the solar collector and must be maintained above 700 Â°C (973 K, 920 Â°F). The radiator field must keep the low temperature reservoir below 20 Â°C (293 K, 68 Â°F, room temperature).

The only reasonable process for the lunar miner is to dump the heat to deep space using thermal radiators. This is made more difficult because the lunar surface heats up during the day to over 200 C. Not only must the radiators not see the sun, they should not see the hot lunar surface.

This design problem is considerably easier for polar locations that for equatorial ones. The ground is not nearly so hot, around 0,0 Â°C (273 K, 32 Â°F). Also the nights are not nearly so long and the sun stays near the horizon.

A fluid (liquid or gas) is circulated through serpentine plumbing in metal panels which face the cold of deep space. Mechanical means will be needed to keep a view of the sun and of the hot lunar surface away from the thermal panels. This will include mounting panels on the back of the solar collector so they always face away from the sun and mounting metal louvers.

Even with a system that recovers 85% of the processing heat, the processed regolith fines ejected out the back of the miner will tale a significant amount of heat energy with them.

The equipment bays will also probably need smaller independent radiator panels to maintain the temperature of electronic equipment. These may need shades or louvers.

We also want to avoid projecting heat in front of the miner where it might drive volatiles off the unprocessed regolith.

===Sizing Power Rejection Need===

Major thermodynamic study is needed. This is a significant omission from the Mark II design. Such studies cost tens of thousands of dollars, but are the only way to reliably size the thermal radiators.

Heat rejection from small space systems where the direction of the sun is fixed is not hard. Small radiator panels driven by heat pipes work very well. The task only becomes difficult for high power systems which is the very case we have here. As general rule the radiators need to be comparable in size to the solar collector. In this case their total area must be inconveniently big.

The lunar miner operating environment makes this problem particularly difficult:

* There is direct sun on most possible radiator surfaces at some time of the day
* The hot lunar surface takes up much of the field of view in most area
* The solar collector restricts view of sky from the body of the sandworm
* The weight of thermal panels would require a much stronger collector structure
* We must avoid heating unprocessed regolith in front of the miner
* The system must survive the night and restart at dawn

===Design Studies===

Two types of panels could be analyzed to determine relative advantages in this difficult application:

* '''Fixed Panels''' - The panels do not move but have shields and shutters that open and close.
* '''Tracking Panels''' - Panels are mounted on the back of the collector or on purpose build structures that track deep space. These must be connected through flexible tubes.

===Regolith Throughput===

Regolith is a very gritty material. Handling volumes of such material on Earth often results in difficult maintenance problems. The material continually sand blasts the inside of your processing equipment. Maintenance is a particularly difficult and expensive problem for space equipment.

[[Image:Sandworm04.jpg|frame|Steps in processing lunar regolith for He-3]]

The front end of the regolith processor must dig material from the trench wall, screen out material larger than 100 um (1.0E-4 meters, course sand), and move it into the processing section. Material larger than this size contains only a very small portion of the volatiles and is directed to the bottom of the trench. After this screening the passed material is referred to as "fines".

The fines, and any volatiles released by the initial handling, must be move into a higher pressure area. This is necessary to prevent the escape of volatiles during the heating process and is a very difficult design problem. A "high pressure" area on the Moon would still be a very good vacuum on Earth.

The fines are then preheated with energy recovered from the exhaust material to create an efficient process. The warm fines are then moved to the main heating area and heated to 700 Â° C. This drives off the volatiles. This heating process will involve some combination of contact with hot surfaces, infrared heating, microwave heating, electromagnetic induced heating, and the injection of hot gas.

The volatiles are then captured with a process resembling a high vacuum pump. Separation of the volatiles from fine dust will be a significant problem.

Then fines are move out of the high pressure area without significant lose of gaseous material. Most of the heat is recovered in this section. The warm fines are then moved to a lower pressure section.

The fines contain 1% to 2% ferromagnetic material made up of microscopic spheres of iron in dust particle sized glass spheres. These particles may be useful in processing the regolith because they are subject to being moved by electromagnetic force and heated by microwave energy. They also are a good quality iron ore. If ferromagnetic fines are needed for this process or are considered to be a variable resource, they need to be separated and handled in this last section. This sorting can be done only with the iron fines below the iron Curie temperature of 1053 K.

The remaining fines must then be ejected out the back of the miner in such a way as to fill the trench. Fine dust working back to cover the solar collector, thermal panels and solar panels may be a real problem. Mounting panels on the moving parts helps as the dust can be tipped off.

===Sizing Requirement===

The Schmitt (pp 119) design requires processing 556 tones (1,225,424 pounds if on Earth) per hour of lunar regolith fines. With the trench 3 meters by 11 meters in cross-section, this requires a forward speed of 23 meters per hour. This would be a significant industrial operation even on Earth.

===Available Resources===

Acceptable designs may recycle materials from earlier separation for use in the process. The available materials include:

* '''Gases''' - Hydrogen, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon
* '''Volatiles''' - Water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane
* '''Solid''' - Iron fines consisting of microscopic iron particles embedded in glass beads and Ilmenite (FeTiO3).

The problem is to get the regolith fines to act as if they were a fluid. This might be done by mechanical vibration, inducing gas, electrostatics, and / or magnetically agitating the iron fines.

The most difficult design challenge is to set up a confined heating area. Volatiles must be blocked from escaping both out the front and out the back. This requires the maintenance of a "high pressure" area for the heating.

Finding low-maintenance materials for this environment will also be difficult. We are dealing with tones of pure grit.

Five means of working the regolith and establishing the high pressure area should be compared in a trade study:

[[Image:SandwormHead01.jpg|frame|400px|Sandworm Cutting Head, Two Views]]

===Cutting Head===

One possible design for the cutting head is shown above and is based on Earth machines for similar materials. It features a slowly rotating head in the shape of a large acorn. It has curved slot openings each with a line of heavy carbide teeth. As the head turns the teeth scrap a layer of regolith into the interior.

On the Moon, a good head design would not only loosen the regolith but would screen the material. The material with particles smaller than about 0.1 mm, called fines, will be moved into the processor. Larger material ranging from boulders to course sand must be rejected, not processed, and moved out of the way.

The volatiles are predominately adsorbed on the surface of crystals. Since the fines have a much higher surface area than the larger material, the fines contain most of the volatiles.

===Mechanical Valves===

This process defines the high pressure area with mechanical valves. The regolith fines are then handled in batches with two or three batch processors being in operation at any time. This process was described in the Mark II design 2, but not chosen.

'''Strengths:'''

* Simple
* Well understood
* Supports high pressures

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Batch processing requiring switching between paths
* Grit wear on valve seats

===Mechanical Screws===

This process defines the high pressure area with screw feeds. The regolith fines are then handled continuously with a high power, low speed screw mechanism feeding the material into the high pressure chamber and a second one moving it out. This device was described in detail in the Mark II design.

'''Strengths:'''

* Standard industrial device
* Well understood
* Supports high pressures

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Grit wear on all moving parts
* Works best for semi-liquids and will have trouble with pure grit.

[[Image:Sandworm05.jpg|frame|Funnel seal]]

===Fines Drop===

The fines must be acting very much like a fluid. At four points where a pressure step is needed, the fines fall through a funnel designed so that the weight of the fines carries them down while they block volatile flow back.

'''Strengths:'''

* Very simple
* Uses lunar resource

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Works best when the gas is moving with the grit
* Lunar gravity is weak
* Only low pressure possible

[[Image:Sandworm06.jpg|frame|Gear pump to regolith seal]]

===Gear Pump===

At the points where a pressure step is needed, the fines encounter a lobbed gear device that compresses the fines while moving them. The compression squeezes out the volatiles. Above the gear is a space that tends to pump volatiles backward.

'''Strengths:'''

* Very simple
* A common industrial design, but for liquids

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Works best when the gas needs to move against the grit
* Subject to significant wear

===Fluid Standing Waves===

This is the approach intended for the HUS Model 1.0. It requires that the regolith fines act very like a liquid. This is done by the introduction of previously separated gases and iron fines. The regolith fines are moved by some combination of mechanical vibration, hot gas jets, electrostatics, and electromagnetic force on the iron fines. These actions induce two separate a standing waves. There is one standing wavy for the volatiles and one for the fines. The fines wave had four peaks that block volatile flow. The volatile standing wavy has a peak in the heating area to aide its recovery. This design is a tall order.

'''Strengths:'''

* Minimum wear inducing contact with regolith
* Makes good use of lunar resources

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Poorly understood
* Low 'high pressure"
* Major research effort required

==More Work Needed==

Much more work is needed on the Sandworm design. The entire lunar settlement idea hinges on their success. We need to work out these concepts:

* '''Mirror Segments'''

One big mirror of flexible material that unfolds will probably not concentrate the light well enough to do the difficult industrial work we need. A more likely arrangement would be to build the mirror in hexagon segments and assemble them. We need to work out the quality of the optics we need to do this job. We need to work out a control system for the mirror surface. The Sandworm needs a lot of work.

* '''Polar Location'''

All the designs in this paper were done for an equatorial location. It now looks like we will be in polar locations for the foreseeable future. We need to adjust this design for the poles.

* '''In the Cold and the Dark'''

All the designs in this paper are for fully lighted areas. If there is really a lot of volatiles in the permanently shaded regions near the poles, then we need to figure out a completely different way to harvest it. Definitive information should be available by 2010.
____

[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Stories]]
[[Category:Robots]]
[[Category:Gases]]

Sandworm Design

2008-12-17T00:07:27Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14730 by 209.237.227.133 (Talk)

eltdeltrace
[[Image:Sandworm01.jpg|frame| Humungous Ugly Sandworm]]
 
{|align=right
|__TOC__
|}

 Details of the Sandworm Design 

A lunar volatiles harvester will be the key piece of industrial equipment for the first lunar settlement.

One possible lunar volatiles harvester design is described in [[Sandworms]]. This article continues with details of that design. A supporting spread sheet is also available at [[Story Calculations]].

You can also find information on the original Mark II design at:

[http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/wcsar9311-2.pdf I.N. Sviatoslavsky, "The Challenge of Mining He-3 on the Lunar Surface: How All the Parts Fit Together", University of Wisconsin, November 1993]

A general technical specification for Lunar Volatiles Harvesters can be found at [[Volatiles Harvester Spec]].

==Systems==

Each key system of the miner must be considered in the design and many ideas for each system must be studied and tested. The key systems of the miner are:

;Handle the Regolith: Dig it, sieve it, move it into higher pressure, move it hot, move it out of higher pressure, then dump it out the back
;Heat to 700 C: Heat it to drive off volatiles. Recycle 85% of this heat.
;Collect Volatiles: This is essentially a high vacuum pump.
;Recover Iron Fines: Save the fine iron spheres for reuse.
;Power System: Provide kilowatts of power and remove the waste heat.
;Control System: Control this complex device and communicate with Earth.
;Motive: Move the device forward.
;Build it: The miner must be easy to construct with lunar material substituted for material from Earth as much as possible.
;Maintain it safely: The miner must be easy to repair by human and robot teams.
;Sleep at night: It must pass the night and wake up ready for work

==Power In==

The lunar miner is a large piece of industrial equipment requiring a large amount of power to operate. The majority of this power can be used in the form of heat to drive the volatiles out of the regolith. Additionally, power is needed in the form of electricity to run the electronics, transport the regolith, and drive the minor forward.

Solar energy is the obvious source for the lunar miner's power. It is abundant Â½ the time and is well understood. A number of possible ways to harness solar power have been discussed. Clearly a trade study is needed. The underlying physics is uncomplicated enough that such studies can be handled by students through the use of spread sheets (with some programming additions) and with ray tracing.

===Sizing Power Need===

Schmitt's numbers (pp 119) for the lunar miner are:

'''Mining power requirements'''

* lunar process energy (82 Gj/g of solar thermal energy) -- 12.3 MW
* Heat Recovery -- 85%
* Estimate operating electric power -- 200 KW

'''Mark II solar collector system'''

* Miner receiver dish (12 meters diameter) -- 112 m2
* Fixed solar reflector (110 meter diameter) -- 9500 m2

'''Alternative design'''

* Solar constant -- 1367 W/m2
* Concentration effectiveness -- 75%
* Solar panel efficiency (GaAs) -- 18.5%
* Solar panel output (GaAs) -- 253 W/m2

These numbers will need review as the design progresses. This level of power will require a very large solar collector supplemented with photovoltaic panels. Four physical arrangements for the solar concentrators should be considered in a trade study:

===Large Fixed Solar Relay===

In this approach a large tracking reflector is placed at fixed location some distance from the lunar miner. The large reflector relays concentrated sun light to a small receiving disk on the miner.

'''Advantages:'''

* The receiver disk on miner is of a manageable size.
* The receiver disk has a simplified tracking function.

'''Disadvantage:'''

* Inefficiency of the power relay
* Cost of separate installation.
* Cost and difficulty of construction of one large unit

===Hillside Multiple Relays===

A large number of smaller collectors are built on a hill side near the mining operation. The units are on very short towers and built with very low mass design.

'''Advantages:'''

* The receiver disk on miner is of a manageable size.
* The receiver disk has a simplified tracking function.
* Less mass from Earth required to build and operate
* Failure of any single disk does not stop mining

'''Disadvantage:'''

* Inefficiency of the power relay
* Cost of separate installation.
* Cost and difficulty of construction of many small units
* Availability of appropriately located hill side

===Single Full Disk on Miner===

The miner carries one large circular collector dish.

'''Advantages:'''

* The power does not have the relay losses.
* The geometry is simple and well understood

'''Disadvantage:'''

* The disk is large requiring a large moving base.
* The collector target moves

===Single Solar Forge Section on Miner===

A single collector consisting of only a section of a turned parabola is mounted on the miner.

'''Advantages:'''

* The power does not have the relay losses.
* Tracking the sun is relatively easy.
* The power receiver is in a fixed location.
* The designs supports heat rejection and easy of maintenance.

'''Disadvantage:'''

* The miner base is very large.
* The geometry is unusual

==Heat Out==

One of the most difficult tasks for a high power operation in space is to get rid of waste heat. All power systems operate by heat moving from a high temperature reservoir to a low temperature reservoir. The miner's high temperature reservoir is heated by the solar collector and must be maintained above 700 Â°C (973 K, 920 Â°F). The radiator field must keep the low temperature reservoir below 20 Â°C (293 K, 68 Â°F, room temperature).

The only reasonable process for the lunar miner is to dump the heat to deep space using thermal radiators. This is made more difficult because the lunar surface heats up during the day to over 200 C. Not only must the radiators not see the sun, they should not see the hot lunar surface.

This design problem is considerably easier for polar locations that for equatorial ones. The ground is not nearly so hot, around 0,0 Â°C (273 K, 32 Â°F). Also the nights are not nearly so long and the sun stays near the horizon.

A fluid (liquid or gas) is circulated through serpentine plumbing in metal panels which face the cold of deep space. Mechanical means will be needed to keep a view of the sun and of the hot lunar surface away from the thermal panels. This will include mounting panels on the back of the solar collector so they always face away from the sun and mounting metal louvers.

Even with a system that recovers 85% of the processing heat, the processed regolith fines ejected out the back of the miner will tale a significant amount of heat energy with them.

The equipment bays will also probably need smaller independent radiator panels to maintain the temperature of electronic equipment. These may need shades or louvers.

We also want to avoid projecting heat in front of the miner where it might drive volatiles off the unprocessed regolith.

===Sizing Power Rejection Need===

Major thermodynamic study is needed. This is a significant omission from the Mark II design. Such studies cost tens of thousands of dollars, but are the only way to reliably size the thermal radiators.

Heat rejection from small space systems where the direction of the sun is fixed is not hard. Small radiator panels driven by heat pipes work very well. The task only becomes difficult for high power systems which is the very case we have here. As general rule the radiators need to be comparable in size to the solar collector. In this case their total area must be inconveniently big.

The lunar miner operating environment makes this problem particularly difficult:

* There is direct sun on most possible radiator surfaces at some time of the day
* The hot lunar surface takes up much of the field of view in most area
* The solar collector restricts view of sky from the body of the sandworm
* The weight of thermal panels would require a much stronger collector structure
* We must avoid heating unprocessed regolith in front of the miner
* The system must survive the night and restart at dawn

===Design Studies===

Two types of panels could be analyzed to determine relative advantages in this difficult application:

* '''Fixed Panels''' - The panels do not move but have shields and shutters that open and close.
* '''Tracking Panels''' - Panels are mounted on the back of the collector or on purpose build structures that track deep space. These must be connected through flexible tubes.

===Regolith Throughput===

Regolith is a very gritty material. Handling volumes of such material on Earth often results in difficult maintenance problems. The material continually sand blasts the inside of your processing equipment. Maintenance is a particularly difficult and expensive problem for space equipment.

[[Image:Sandworm04.jpg|frame|Steps in processing lunar regolith for He-3]]

The front end of the regolith processor must dig material from the trench wall, screen out material larger than 100 um (1.0E-4 meters, course sand), and move it into the processing section. Material larger than this size contains only a very small portion of the volatiles and is directed to the bottom of the trench. After this screening the passed material is referred to as "fines".

The fines, and any volatiles released by the initial handling, must be move into a higher pressure area. This is necessary to prevent the escape of volatiles during the heating process and is a very difficult design problem. A "high pressure" area on the Moon would still be a very good vacuum on Earth.

The fines are then preheated with energy recovered from the exhaust material to create an efficient process. The warm fines are then moved to the main heating area and heated to 700 Â° C. This drives off the volatiles. This heating process will involve some combination of contact with hot surfaces, infrared heating, microwave heating, electromagnetic induced heating, and the injection of hot gas.

The volatiles are then captured with a process resembling a high vacuum pump. Separation of the volatiles from fine dust will be a significant problem.

Then fines are move out of the high pressure area without significant lose of gaseous material. Most of the heat is recovered in this section. The warm fines are then moved to a lower pressure section.

The fines contain 1% to 2% ferromagnetic material made up of microscopic spheres of iron in dust particle sized glass spheres. These particles may be useful in processing the regolith because they are subject to being moved by electromagnetic force and heated by microwave energy. They also are a good quality iron ore. If ferromagnetic fines are needed for this process or are considered to be a variable resource, they need to be separated and handled in this last section. This sorting can be done only with the iron fines below the iron Curie temperature of 1053 K.

The remaining fines must then be ejected out the back of the miner in such a way as to fill the trench. Fine dust working back to cover the solar collector, thermal panels and solar panels may be a real problem. Mounting panels on the moving parts helps as the dust can be tipped off.

===Sizing Requirement===

The Schmitt (pp 119) design requires processing 556 tones (1,225,424 pounds if on Earth) per hour of lunar regolith fines. With the trench 3 meters by 11 meters in cross-section, this requires a forward speed of 23 meters per hour. This would be a significant industrial operation even on Earth.

===Available Resources===

Acceptable designs may recycle materials from earlier separation for use in the process. The available materials include:

* '''Gases''' - Hydrogen, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon
* '''Volatiles''' - Water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane
* '''Solid''' - Iron fines consisting of microscopic iron particles embedded in glass beads and Ilmenite (FeTiO3).

The problem is to get the regolith fines to act as if they were a fluid. This might be done by mechanical vibration, inducing gas, electrostatics, and / or magnetically agitating the iron fines.

The most difficult design challenge is to set up a confined heating area. Volatiles must be blocked from escaping both out the front and out the back. This requires the maintenance of a "high pressure" area for the heating.

Finding low-maintenance materials for this environment will also be difficult. We are dealing with tones of pure grit.

Five means of working the regolith and establishing the high pressure area should be compared in a trade study:

[[Image:SandwormHead01.jpg|frame|400px|Sandworm Cutting Head, Two Views]]

===Cutting Head===

One possible design for the cutting head is shown above and is based on Earth machines for similar materials. It features a slowly rotating head in the shape of a large acorn. It has curved slot openings each with a line of heavy carbide teeth. As the head turns the teeth scrap a layer of regolith into the interior.

On the Moon, a good head design would not only loosen the regolith but would screen the material. The material with particles smaller than about 0.1 mm, called fines, will be moved into the processor. Larger material ranging from boulders to course sand must be rejected, not processed, and moved out of the way.

The volatiles are predominately adsorbed on the surface of crystals. Since the fines have a much higher surface area than the larger material, the fines contain most of the volatiles.

===Mechanical Valves===

This process defines the high pressure area with mechanical valves. The regolith fines are then handled in batches with two or three batch processors being in operation at any time. This process was described in the Mark II design 2, but not chosen.

'''Strengths:'''

* Simple
* Well understood
* Supports high pressures

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Batch processing requiring switching between paths
* Grit wear on valve seats

===Mechanical Screws===

This process defines the high pressure area with screw feeds. The regolith fines are then handled continuously with a high power, low speed screw mechanism feeding the material into the high pressure chamber and a second one moving it out. This device was described in detail in the Mark II design.

'''Strengths:'''

* Standard industrial device
* Well understood
* Supports high pressures

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Grit wear on all moving parts
* Works best for semi-liquids and will have trouble with pure grit.

[[Image:Sandworm05.jpg|frame|Funnel seal]]

===Fines Drop===

The fines must be acting very much like a fluid. At four points where a pressure step is needed, the fines fall through a funnel designed so that the weight of the fines carries them down while they block volatile flow back.

'''Strengths:'''

* Very simple
* Uses lunar resource

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Works best when the gas is moving with the grit
* Lunar gravity is weak
* Only low pressure possible

[[Image:Sandworm06.jpg|frame|Gear pump to regolith seal]]

===Gear Pump===

At the points where a pressure step is needed, the fines encounter a lobbed gear device that compresses the fines while moving them. The compression squeezes out the volatiles. Above the gear is a space that tends to pump volatiles backward.

'''Strengths:'''

* Very simple
* A common industrial design, but for liquids

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Works best when the gas needs to move against the grit
* Subject to significant wear

===Fluid Standing Waves===

This is the approach intended for the HUS Model 1.0. It requires that the regolith fines act very like a liquid. This is done by the introduction of previously separated gases and iron fines. The regolith fines are moved by some combination of mechanical vibration, hot gas jets, electrostatics, and electromagnetic force on the iron fines. These actions induce two separate a standing waves. There is one standing wavy for the volatiles and one for the fines. The fines wave had four peaks that block volatile flow. The volatile standing wavy has a peak in the heating area to aide its recovery. This design is a tall order.

'''Strengths:'''

* Minimum wear inducing contact with regolith
* Makes good use of lunar resources

'''Weaknesses:'''

* Poorly understood
* Low 'high pressure"
* Major research effort required

==More Work Needed==

Much more work is needed on the Sandworm design. The entire lunar settlement idea hinges on their success. We need to work out these concepts:

* '''Mirror Segments'''

One big mirror of flexible material that unfolds will probably not concentrate the light well enough to do the difficult industrial work we need. A more likely arrangement would be to build the mirror in hexagon segments and assemble them. We need to work out the quality of the optics we need to do this job. We need to work out a control system for the mirror surface. The Sandworm needs a lot of work.

* '''Polar Location'''

All the designs in this paper were done for an equatorial location. It now looks like we will be in polar locations for the foreseeable future. We need to adjust this design for the poles.

* '''In the Cold and the Dark'''

All the designs in this paper are for fully lighted areas. If there is really a lot of volatiles in the permanently shaded regions near the poles, then we need to figure out a completely different way to harvest it. Definitive information should be available by 2010.
____

[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Stories]]
[[Category:Robots]]
[[Category:Gases]]

Area of Regions on the Lunar Sphere

2008-12-17T00:06:14Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14729 by 209.237.227.133 (Talk)

==Area of regions on the lunar sphere==

To calculate area on the lunar sphere bounded by pair of latitudes and a pair of longitudes:

The general calculation for the area on the Moon (in square kilometers) bounded by a pair of longitudes and a pair of latitudes is as follows:

<math>{2\pi r^2 [(1 - sin(Latitude_1)) - (1 - sin(Latitude_2))]} [(Longitude_1 - Longitude_2)/360] \,\!</math>

where <math>Longitude_1 \,\!</math> and <math>Longitude_2 \,\!</math> are in degrees

Here is the proof:

First, calculate the area of the strip between two parallels of latitude.

That is the same as the difference in the area of two spherical caps about the same apex.

Those areas are most easily calculated as solid angles with units of steradians.

The steradian is defined as "the solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere having an area <math>r^2 \,\!</math>."

The area of a spherical cap (<math>A = 2\pi r h \,\!</math>), where h = distance between the apex of the cap and the center of the base plane of the cap.

To calculate h:

<math>h = r - [r sin(Latitude)] \,\!</math>

So:

Where <math>Latitude_2 > Latitude_1 \,\!</math> (i.e. <math>A1 > A2 \,\!</math>):

Then, for <math>Latitude_1 \,\!</math>: <math>A1 = 2\pi r [r-{ r sin(Latitude_1)}]
= 2\pi r x r [1-sin(Latitude_1)]
= 2\pi r ^2 [1-sin(Latitude_1)] \,\!</math>

And for <math>Latitude_2 \,\!</math>: <math>A2 = 2\pi r ^2 [1-sin(Latitude_2)] \,\!</math>

So area of strip between two latitudes is

<math>A(strip) = A1 - A2 = [2\pi r^2 [1-sin(Latitude_1)]]-[2 \pi r^2 [1-sin(Latitude_2)]]
= 2 \pi r^2 [(1-sin(Latitude_1)) - (1-sin(Latitude_2) )]
\,\!</math>
That gives the area in steradians.

The area of a sphere is <math>4\pi*steradians = 4\pi r^2 \,\!</math>

The mean radius of the Moon = 1738 km 

Surface area of the entire Moon = 37,958,532 Square kilometers 
 
Once we have calculated the area of the strip, then it is a simple matter to pro-rate for the longitude, as follows:

The area of the curved rectangle subtended by the pairs of latitude and longitude can be expressed as follows:

Area of the strip multiplied by the decimal fraction of the longitudinal circumference.

The decimal fraction of the longitudinal circumference (in degrees) is calculated as follows:

<math>(Longitude_1 - Longitude_2)/360 \,\!</math> degrees

Hence the general calculation for the area on the Moon (in square kilometers) bounded by a pair of longitudes and a pair of latitudes is as follows:

<math>{2\pi r^2 [(1-sin(Latitude_1))-(1-sin(Latitude_2))]}x[(Longitude_1-Longitude_2)/360 degrees] \,\!</math>

==External Links==
* Usenet: Space FAQ 04/13 - Calculations
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/space/math/

[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Selenology]]

Talk:Quotes

2008-12-16T22:35:35Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14724 by 209.237.227.133 (Talk)

Much of what needs to be said is not technical and much has already been said and need only be remembered.

--[[User:Jriley|Jriley]] 12:33, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

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== Move reviews section ==

I have copied the review part of this article to Scientifiction "Reviews". That part should now be removed from Lunarpedia.

--[[User:Jriley|Jriley]] 14:46, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

----
I went ahead and moved the review material to Scientification "Reviews". The original version of this article had to many different types of ideas in it.

--[[User:Jriley|Jriley]] 11:26, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

----

Lunarpedia:Autostub1

2008-12-16T22:34:08Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14722 by 89.19.172.22 (Talk)

'''Autostub1''' is a script intended to generate over 9,300 location articles: sectors and also craters, maria, rille, and everything else in the available public domain database.

==Specifications==
{{Cleanup Section}}
These are incomplete and based on what has been targeted for work to date.

===Sectors===
{{Spec Melt}}
Sectors, aside from two exceptional cases (the poles), are 15 degrees by 15 degrees. The equator has a single ring of sectors between 7.5N and 7.5S. The two polar sectors are 15 degrees in diameter. The sectors line up horizontally against 267.2(double-check needed)E Mean Earth, or 0 degrees Mare Orientale.

===Features===

===Lunar Feature Articles===
Box: Image:Mare Orientale Map GA03 400 8bit.png
Name (from database column 2)
Category (from column 23)
Origin (from column 24)
Map (see Map:Features below)
Coordinates in Mean Earth and Mare Orientale coordinates
Diameter (size?) (from column 10)
Approval status (from columns 18 and 19)

Description: givig rough simple location description, type of feature, what sector it is centered in and if the calculation says it's probably wholly within the sector.

Also give alist of sectors that portions of the feature may be located in.

If the feature is a major crater, give a list of satellite craters.

If the feature is a satellite crater, give a link to its major crater.

Give list of references listed in column 21 of the database.

===Lunar Sector Articles===
There is a sector box from a template. The box is presently specified to list both Mean Earth and Mare Orientale coordinates, but with a change of the template all sector articles could display only one or the other, or change the way in which the information of both is presented.

At the top of the box is the sector designation, which is presently no longer specified, as it would be good to have a naming system that not only doesn't present a point location to represent a far larger area, but also doesn't invoke either Mare Orientale or Mean Earth as its definitive basis.

Below is a map as specified in Maps:Sector below.

Below the map is the center coordinates in both Mean Earth and Mare Orientale.

Below is a list of adjoining sectorImage:Mare Orientale Map GA03 400 8bit.pngs. Four for all non-polar sectors and twenty-four for the poles.

The article text begins with a rough, simple description of where the sector is.

Places of interest are listed, including features centered inside the sector and features that may be in the sector but are centered elsewhere.

Another section should include surveys and landings, with where to click to get specific geological information. The mechanism to do this is not yet worked out.

===Maps===

====Source====
{{Spec Melt}}
Three source maps are needed. One for the 25 northernmost sectors, one for the 25 southernmost sectors, and one for all other sectors. Feature edge cases should probably be served by an outer portion of the relevant polar map.

The polar source maps are not yet produced. A smaller version of the main source map can be found [[:Image:Mare Orientale Map GA03 400 8bit.png|here]]. The full-sized single layer version is 7200 by 2700 pixels and 40 MB compressed. It is calibrated for Mare Orientale coordinates.

====Sector====
Sector maps from the main source maps are square sections. The solution for polar and near-polar sector maps is not yet determined. While the Python Image Library can support adding text to images, no specifications for adding text to the map have yet been worked out.

====Feature====
Feature maps use the diameter to estimate the size of the map to be generated. Features below a to be determined size will not be feasible to include maps for from the source maps.

===Output===
Output is to be in the format used for exporting and importing articles between MediaWiki installations. Each output xml file should be below 2MB (or a to-be-determined more precise size target) to minimize difficulty importing. Test1 was imported in this manner.

===Database===
The database formatting is outside of the control of this specification. The database was created by the [[USGS]].

{| STYLE = "background:black;color:white"
|- STYLE = "background:#BFBFBF;color:black"
| Variable(s)
| column
| description
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 00
| system (will always be 'Earth')
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 01
| satellite (will always be 'Moon')
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black "
| '''name''' ''used for: mapname''
| 02
| name of feature
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| '''Lat''' ''used for: lat me_coord mo_coord inSector sectors localeDescr''
| 03
| USGS latitude
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"

| ''used for: me_long mo_long me_coord mo_coord inSector sectors localeDescr''
| 04
| USGS longitude
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 05
| starting latitude (never provided, unfortunately)
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 06
| ending latitude (never provided, unfortunately)
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 07
| starting longitude (never provided, unfortunately)
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 08
| ending longitude (never provided, unfortunately)
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 09
| DIR (???)
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| '''dia''' ''used for: sectors''
| 10
| diameter in klicks
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 11
| CT (country of discovery?)
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 12
| Continent (of discovery?)
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 13
| ET (???)
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 14
| Ethnicity (of name?)
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 15
| Quad (USGS map info)
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 16
| Map (USGS map info)
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 17
| AS (???)
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| '''approvalStat''' ''used for: approvalStr''
| 18
| Approved Status Description
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| '''approvalYear''' ''used for: approvalStr''
| 19
| Approval Date (year)
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 20
| REF (???)
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| '''reference'''
| 21
| References
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| STYLE = "color:#7F7F7F" | ''unused''
| 22
| FT (Feature Type categorization, presumably)
|- STYLE = "background:#FFFFEF;color:black"
| '''featuretype''' ''used for: typecat''
| 23
| Feature Type Name
|- STYLE = "background:white;color:black"
| '''origin'''
| 24
| origin (nature of 'origin' varies)
|-
|}

 

==Problems==

 
==Tests==

[[Lunarpedia:Autostub1 test 1]]

Near-Term Business Scenario

2008-12-16T22:33:34Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14721 by 194.176.176.82 (Talk)

{|align=right

|__TOC__

|}

 Near-Term Business Scenario A Basis for Lunar Business Plans

----

==Introduction==

One of the essentials in the near term is the push past the purely scientific and exploratory Apollo style mission, and move interest away from government funded infrastructure building, and onto commercial applications. An aggressive public awareness program would be necessary to get the people of the world reinvested in space, and a so called '''Killer-app''' would need to be discovered to gain corporate interest.

==General Description==

===NASA’s Part===

NASA will build basic infrastructure, after that it is up to commercial development. As shown in [[NASA Exploration Strategy]].

===Lunar Resource Extraction Settlement===

The first economic application for the Moon will likely be a Schmitt mining settlement to harvest Helium-3 and other [[Volatiles]]. The settlement would be located at either of the poles or at the equator. The settlement would ideally be started immediately following the astronaut exploration stage, lest interest collapse and the entire plan be scrapped. This settlement will serve as the first small economic toe-hold on the Moon.

For more information about the estimated time of this scenario, please see [[Timelines]].

===Settlement Business Environment===

The Settlement would likely be run by a consortium of aerospace companies collaborating on the project. This conglomeration will be referred to here as the Company.

===People on the Moon===

The goal of People living on the Moon is an expensive and difficult proposition. Individuals on the Moon will be encouraged and supported to be entrepreneurs, and will be afforded intellectual property rights. The Company will buy ideas from the settlers while also funding the ore extraction and then having proprietary rights to sell it. Interactions with people on Earth, including economic interactions, will help keep lunar people sane and happy

==Scope of Plans==
===Communication with Earth===

A Moon settlement would be the first human settling endeavor which has a large bandwidth with its home country. The effect of this on the settlement will be to greatly lessen the isolation of the settlement in the minds of its inhabitants. They will have all of the comforts of home from books to movies to the Internet; they will be the best connected settlers in human history.

===Shipment back to Earth===

Shipments back to Earth will be strictly limited, and will be overseen by a Cargo Supervisor.
If a shipment is underweight, small ballast can top off shipments: cheap, low in mass (grams).
Eventually, an unmanned ship sent from Earth with lunar hydrogen and oxygen for return rocket, and with only a lunar reentry shield, a load in tens of kilograms, on a slow trip. This proposal would be expensive. More of these flights would be possible in long-term than in the short term.

==Near-Term Specific Assumptions==

The Near-Term Scenario will have the following specific features;

===Personal Time===

Miners will have some free time. There will be more than enough personnel to run the settlement at any given time because it takes more people to handle emergencies than for normal operations. The prototype shop will be available to miners for use when they are not servicing the [[Sandworms]]. The Bone Yard will be available to miners to get basic parts from descent vehicles, broken parts, etc. for use in the Prototype shop. As mentioned in the section on communication, personal activities and interpersonal contacts are critical to good mental health. As such, facilities will be available for some form of recreation, be it exercise or what have you.

===Strengths of the Near-Term===

An enormous public buy-in for the return to the Moon mission is expected. Also, because cutting edge technologies are available, and individuals interested in the technology field will flourish in the environment. Nationalism will also play a role with competition between countries.

===Limitations in the Near-Term===

There are many challenges left to over come in the short term. One key problem is the low man power caused by the sheer cost of sending people to the moon. Another is the low availability of electrical power again, because it is expensive to transport solar panels to the moon, and even more energy costly to manufacture them there. Living space will be very limited, and cramped quarters could lead to poor mental health for the miners. The price of shipping anything there or back will be incredibly expensive, and almost negates the value of sending [[Helium 3]] home. Ultimately, the Moon is a dangerous and volatile environment which poses a major stopping block to any form of settlement there, and creates many unforeseeable risks.

===Other Scenarios===

Ideas '''not''' meeting this near-term scenario can still be great, they simply belong in some other category like the [[Long-Term Business Scenario]].

Return to [[Business Plans List]].

[[Category:Business Plans]]
[[Category:Business]]

Predicting the Future

2008-12-13T01:22:16Z

Laertes: Undo revision 14706 by Jakester (Talk)

{|align=right
|__TOC__
|}

 Predicting the Future is Very Hard 
----

What we are trying to do is harder than you think.

==We do it all the time==

Predicting the future is something that people do all the time. The surprising thing is how bad we are at it. A thousand monkeys with typewriters could probably do as well.

If we could do it well, it would have been of immense value to us in the evolutionary past. We never evolved the knack, so it must be a very hard thing to do indeed.

==High rates of change==

This problem is made much worse in our modern society by the high and exponential rates of change. Today technology is driving societal change faster than any time in recorded human history.

The exponential effect is practically hard to deal with. A good example is Moore's law which states that the number of cell in a computing chip doubles every 18 months. This then drives run away changes in computer power and world communication.

We consider the amount of change that occurred in the 20th century as a change unit of one. If we then look at the amount of change from known exponential effects in the first 25 years of the 21st century, we can expect five units of change. By the end of the 21st century we could expect 200.

Society is simply going to have great difficulty dealing with change at this rate. Settling the Moon could be a minor accomplishment against this background of mind boggling change.

This effect also makes it useless to try to predict the future beyond a few tens of years except in the most general terms. Perhaps one reason for even trying is to help us mentally handle the high rage of change.

==A few good people==

A few people do seem to have the knack of predicting the future. The writers Jules Vern and Arthur C. Clark both did amazingly well at predicting the future. Perhaps predicting the future is an individual talent that a few people have. Perhaps we are looking for those few people. Or maybe they just got lucky. Or maybe their vision let a new idea come into being.

==Lunarpedia and the future==

What we are doing here is not so much trying to accurately predict the future as to provide a positive vision of the future that people can work toward. Nothing helps us deal with problems so much as being in positive action.

It does not matter that the particular future we envision happens and we must not get entangled with others over hair-splitting details of things that have not happened.

If we give people a positive vision of the future, people will get into action and some positive version of the future will then happen.

----

There are a lot more ideas on the [[Purposes List]].

[[Category:Purposes]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category: Stories]]

== Actual Predictions ==

There are some things everyone knows about predicting the future. The relative positions of the Earth, Luna, and Mars can be accurately predicted a thousand years into the future. A tossed die will land generally with one of the six faces horizontal on top, but predicting in what order the particular numbers of spots will be displayed in a number of tosses is impossible. For events in general predictability lies somewhere in a range from cinch to impossible and one of the secrets of prophesy lies in knowing what can be predicted.

Sometimes years of study or experience allow someone to realize certain things are reasonably predictable when the average citizen would not realize this. So some people get wealthy in the stock market. Sometimes predictions are more resistant to being proven wrong if they are qualified on some other less predictable event. So I predict that there will be underground public transportation on Luna if the population exceeds one hundred thousand. That's a reasonably safe prediction because we know that going through an airlock to use a private vehicle on the surface of Luna will be considerable trouble and expense. So the choice of using public transportation in the form of a subway through an air filled sealed tunnel would be relatively more likely than using a subway on Earth. We do not know that there will ever be one hundred thousand people on Luna. On the contrary we know that to be economically self supporting; to manufacture underground greenhouses for agriculture, to closely control very thorough recycling of air, water, and waste and to produce exports to pay for it all; industry on Luna will need to be much more automated than industry on Earth today. There might be less than a thousand people on Luna including spouses and children while industry churns out thousands of tons of solar cells, aluminum electrical wire, bricks, fiber glass, structural metals and other products sent off to habitats that sail around the sun in their own orbits. There could be just too few people for a public transportation system.

We do not know all the details of a future lunar settlement, but we could make a prediction of that settlement more likely by contributing to making it happen. Henry Ford was able to predict an automobile that the common man could afford and then organize all the needed inputs of labor capital and expertise to make the prediction come true. We can not all be Henry Ford but if a person does nothing more than be a reasonably law abiding citizen, that is a contribution to man's future in space. That justifies cheering when and if the first mass driver comes on line on Luna. We do not know that the right decisions will be made to make it possible. We do not know that we will avoid being sidetracked into catastrophic war. The uncertainty makes it more exciting. Keep on hoping. Keep on trying. Perhaps we will make it through these interesting times.

----