Platinum Group Metals - Revision history

Laertes: removing junk from 85.17.186.161 (Talk)

2009-01-17T13:42:45Z

removing junk from 85.17.186.161 (Talk)

85.17.186.161 at 00:48, 10 October 2007

2007-10-10T00:48:56Z

Jarogers2001 at 22:14, 13 February 2007

2007-02-13T22:14:59Z

Jarogers2001: Removed osmium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and palladium sections. Content present in Element articles

2007-02-13T22:10:54Z

Removed osmium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and palladium sections. Content present in Element articles

Jarogers2001: Removed Iridium section. Content present in iridium

2007-02-13T22:05:14Z

Removed Iridium section. Content present in iridium

Jarogers2001: Linking to platinum group elements. Other information to be transferred later

2007-02-13T21:24:58Z

Linking to platinum group elements. Other information to be transferred later

Strangelv: removed stub tag

2007-02-06T00:28:09Z

removed stub tag

Jarogers2001 at 04:34, 14 January 2007

2007-01-14T04:34:47Z

Davew: /* Applications */

2007-01-11T14:55:48Z

Applications

Davew: /* Applications */

2007-01-11T14:55:06Z

Applications

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Platinum Group Metals''' are commonly found in asteroids, most particularly the nickel-iron asteroids, and may possibly be found in lunar impact craters.<BR/><BR/>
 The platinum-group metals (PGM) comprise six closely related metals: [[platinum]], [[palladium]], [[#rhodium|rhodium]], [[ruthenium]], [[iridium]], and [[osmium]], which commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic elements. Along with gold and silver, they are known as precious or noble metals. Platinum group metals are rare on the surface of the earth because they are ''siderophiles'', and hence tend to be segregated in liquid iron.  This means that most of the Earth's inventory of platinum group metals is sequestered in the liquid iron at the Earth's core.  Platinum group elements occur as native alloys in placer deposits or, more commonly, in lode deposits associated with nickel and copper. Nearly all of the world's supply of these metals are extracted from lode deposits in four countries--the Republic of South Africa, the U.S.S.R., Canada, and the United States. The Republic of South Africa is the only country that produces all six PGM in substantial quantities. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistical Compendium[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/stat/]
 ==Applications==
-The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)â [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] â are outstanding.  Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry.   Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties.   All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications.   Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides.  The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.   In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry.  Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic.   Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry.  Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM.  Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions.  A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]
+The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)– [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] – are outstanding.  Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry.   Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties.   All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications.   Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides.  The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.   In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry.  Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic.   Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry.  Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM.  Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions.  A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]
@@ Line 18: / Line 17: @@
 *[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/jmpgm/index.jsp The Platinum Group Metals Database]
 *[http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/current_historical.html Platinum Today: Current and historical prices]
-*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pt/index.html WebElements.com â Platinum]
+*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pt/index.html WebElements.com — Platinum]
 *[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ Platinum Metals Review E-Journal]
 *[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/ USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Platinum Group Metals''' are commonly found in asteroids, most particularly the nickel-iron asteroids, and may possibly be found in lunar impact craters.<BR/><BR/>
 The platinum-group metals (PGM) comprise six closely related metals: [[platinum]], [[palladium]], [[#rhodium|rhodium]], [[ruthenium]], [[iridium]], and [[osmium]], which commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic elements. Along with gold and silver, they are known as precious or noble metals. Platinum group metals are rare on the surface of the earth because they are ''siderophiles'', and hence tend to be segregated in liquid iron.  This means that most of the Earth's inventory of platinum group metals is sequestered in the liquid iron at the Earth's core.  Platinum group elements occur as native alloys in placer deposits or, more commonly, in lode deposits associated with nickel and copper. Nearly all of the world's supply of these metals are extracted from lode deposits in four countries--the Republic of South Africa, the U.S.S.R., Canada, and the United States. The Republic of South Africa is the only country that produces all six PGM in substantial quantities. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistical Compendium[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/stat/]
 ==Applications==
-The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)– [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] – are outstanding.  Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry.   Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties.   All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications.   Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides.  The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.   In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry.  Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic.   Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry.  Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM.  Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions.  A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]
+The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)â [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] â are outstanding.  Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry.   Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties.   All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications.   Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides.  The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.   In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry.  Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic.   Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry.  Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM.  Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions.  A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 *[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/jmpgm/index.jsp The Platinum Group Metals Database]
 *[http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/current_historical.html Platinum Today: Current and historical prices]
-*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pt/index.html WebElements.com — Platinum]
+*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pt/index.html WebElements.com â Platinum]
 *[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ Platinum Metals Review E-Journal]
 *[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/ USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
-==Links==
+==Related Articles==
-[[Resource Values]]
+*[[Ruthenium]]
 ==External Links==

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:10, 13 February 2007
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	The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)– [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] – are outstanding. Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides. The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid. In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic. Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry. Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM. Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions. A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]		The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)– [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] – are outstanding. Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides. The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid. In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic. Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry. Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM. Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions. A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]

−
−	~~==Osmium==~~
−	{\|
−	~~\| Atomic symbol: \|\| Os \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Atomic number: \|\| 76 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Group: \|\| 8 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Period: \|\| 6 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Series: \|\| Transition Metals \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	\|}
−	~~Natural Isotopes~~
−	*Osmium 184
−	*Osmium 186
−	*Osmium 187
−	*Osmium 188
−	*Osmium 189
−	*Osmium 190
−	*Osmium 192
−	~~==Palladium==~~
−	{\|
−	~~\| Atomic symbol: \|\| Pd \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Atomic number: \|\| 46 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Group: \|\| 10 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Period: \|\| 5 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Series: \|\| Transition Metals \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	\|}
−	~~Natural Isotopes~~
−	*Palladium 102
−	*Palladium 104
−	*Palladium 105
−	*Palladium 106
−	*Palladium 108
−	*Palladium 110
−	~~==Platinum==~~
−	{\|
−	~~\| Atomic symbol: \|\| Pt \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Atomic number: \|\| 78 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Group: \|\| 10 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Period: \|\| 6 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Series: \|\| Transition Metals \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	\|}
−	~~Natural Isotopes~~
−	*Platinum 190
−	*Platinum 192
−	*Platinum 194
−	*Platinum 195
−	*Platinum 196
−	*Platinum 198
−
−	~~==Rhodium==~~
−	{\|
−	~~\| Atomic symbol: \|\| Rh \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Atomic number: \|\| 45 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Group: \|\| 9 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Period: \|\| 5 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Series: \|\| Transition Metals \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	\|}
−	~~Natural Isotopes~~
−	*Rhodium 103
−	~~==Ruthenium==~~
−	{\|
−	~~\| Atomic symbol: \|\| Ru \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Atomic number: \|\| 44 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Group: \|\| 8 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Period: \|\| 5 \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Series: \|\| Transition Metals \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	\|}
−	~~Natural Isotopes~~
−	*Ruthenium 96
−	*Ruthenium 98
−	*Ruthenium 99
−	*Ruthenium 100
−	*Ruthenium 101
−	*Ruthenium 102
−	*Ruthenium 104

	==Links==		==Links==

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals (PGM)– [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[palladium]], [[platinum]], [[rhodium]], and [[ruthenium]] – are outstanding.  Platinum's wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry.   Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties.   All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications.   Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides.  The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.   In recent years, a number of PGM have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry.  Ruthenium dioxide is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic.   Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry.  Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of PGM.  Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions.  A wide range of PGM alloy compositions is used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/]
-==Iridium==
 ==Osmium==
 {|

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:28, 6 February 2007
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−	~~{{Stub}}<BR CLEAR = "ALL"/>~~
−
	'''Platinum Group Metals''' are commonly found in asteroids, most particularly the nickel-iron asteroids, and may possibly be found in lunar impact craters.<BR/><BR/>		'''Platinum Group Metals''' are commonly found in asteroids, most particularly the nickel-iron asteroids, and may possibly be found in lunar impact craters.<BR/><BR/>
	The platinum-group metals (PGM) comprise six closely related metals: [[#platinum\|platinum]], [[#palladium\|palladium]], [[#rhodium\|rhodium]], [[#ruthenium\|ruthenium]], [[#iridium\|iridium]], and [[#osmium\|osmium]], which commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic elements. Along with gold and silver, they are known as precious or noble metals. Platinum group metals are rare on the surface of the earth because they are ''siderophiles'', and hence tend to be segregated in liquid iron. This means that most of the Earth's inventory of platinum group metals is sequestered in the liquid iron at the Earth's core. Platinum group elements occur as native alloys in placer deposits or, more commonly, in lode deposits associated with nickel and copper. Nearly all of the world's supply of these metals are extracted from lode deposits in four countries--the Republic of South Africa, the U.S.S.R., Canada, and the United States. The Republic of South Africa is the only country that produces all six PGM in substantial quantities. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistical Compendium[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/stat/]		The platinum-group metals (PGM) comprise six closely related metals: [[#platinum\|platinum]], [[#palladium\|palladium]], [[#rhodium\|rhodium]], [[#ruthenium\|ruthenium]], [[#iridium\|iridium]], and [[#osmium\|osmium]], which commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic elements. Along with gold and silver, they are known as precious or noble metals. Platinum group metals are rare on the surface of the earth because they are ''siderophiles'', and hence tend to be segregated in liquid iron. This means that most of the Earth's inventory of platinum group metals is sequestered in the liquid iron at the Earth's core. Platinum group elements occur as native alloys in placer deposits or, more commonly, in lode deposits associated with nickel and copper. Nearly all of the world's supply of these metals are extracted from lode deposits in four countries--the Republic of South Africa, the U.S.S.R., Canada, and the United States. The Republic of South Africa is the only country that produces all six PGM in substantial quantities. - USGS Platinum-Group Metals Statistical Compendium[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/stat/]

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:34, 14 January 2007
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	<BR/><BR/><BR/>		<BR/><BR/><BR/>
	[[Category:Business]]		[[Category:Business]]
		+	[[Category:Chemistry]]