Roof Support - Revision history

Silverwurm: /* Safety considerations */

2011-09-18T02:37:25Z

Safety considerations

Silverwurm: pressure discussion removed, belongs on atmophere page

2011-09-02T18:46:47Z

pressure discussion removed, belongs on atmophere page

Silverwurm: /* Safety considerations */

2011-09-02T17:51:13Z

Safety considerations

Silverwurm: /* Safety considerations */

2011-09-02T17:46:58Z

Safety considerations

Silverwurm: /* Safety considerations */

2011-09-02T17:44:58Z

Safety considerations

Silverwurm: Reworked page structure, significant rewording and editing of multiple entries

2011-09-02T10:21:03Z

Reworked page structure, significant rewording and editing of multiple entries

Show changes

205.208.203.59: /* Supporting Regolith */ reformatted table, added missing data

2011-09-02T07:58:05Z

Supporting Regolith: reformatted table, added missing data

Jriley: Adjust outline

2009-05-31T13:28:55Z

Adjust outline

Jriley: /* Low Pressure */

2009-05-31T13:18:18Z

Low Pressure

Jriley: /* High Pressure */

2009-05-31T12:53:43Z

High Pressure

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 == Safety considerations ==
-Most proposals for long term lunar habitats call for the use of a thick blanket of lunar regolith to be piled atop the structure, providing protection from temperature swings, meteorite impacts, and cosmic radiation for the inhabitant, as well as any electronic equipment (see [[Architecture as Mole Hills]] and [[Architecture as Tent  City]]). Most of the thickness called for in this blanket is to protect against cosmic radiation.
+Most proposals for long term lunar habitats call for the use of a thick blanket of lunar regolith to be piled atop the structure, providing protection from temperature swings, meteorite impacts, and cosmic radiation for the inhabitants, as well as any electronic equipment (see [[Architecture as Mole Hills]] and [[Architecture as Tent  City]]). Most of the thickness called for in this blanket is to protect against cosmic radiation.
 Most of the experience mankind has accumulated concerning radiation deals with nuclear radiation. The cosmic radiation encountered beyond earths magnetic field is much less understood, as it can only be replicated on earth by means of a particle accelerator. As such, the question of how much regolith is needed to protect the inhabitants is currently little more than educated guesswork, and will likely remain so until more thorough field study is performed.

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:46, 2 September 2011
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	A structure which was supported only by internal pressure would require additional mechanisms to ensure the safety of its inhabitants in case of a blowout. One way of coping with this is to compartmentalize the structure, designing it so that separate areas could be sealed off if needed, so that a breach in one area would not affect the entire habitat. Multiple air bladders around the outsize, also compartmentalized, would also aid in reducing the chance of a blowout. An additional safety measure that could be installed is for each section of the habitat to have its own backup gas tank, which would open in case of a pressure loss, feeding the leak until an patch job / evacuation could be achieved. Since the minimum pressure that needs to be maintained is quite low (as discussed previously), this approach could be utilized with a modestly sized backup tank.		A structure which was supported only by internal pressure would require additional mechanisms to ensure the safety of its inhabitants in case of a blowout. One way of coping with this is to compartmentalize the structure, designing it so that separate areas could be sealed off if needed, so that a breach in one area would not affect the entire habitat. Multiple air bladders around the outsize, also compartmentalized, would also aid in reducing the chance of a blowout. An additional safety measure that could be installed is for each section of the habitat to have its own backup gas tank, which would open in case of a pressure loss, feeding the leak until an patch job / evacuation could be achieved. Since the minimum pressure that needs to be maintained is quite low (as discussed previously), this approach could be utilized with a modestly sized backup tank.
−
−	~~==Pressure Considerations==~~
−
−
−	~~One of the most important considerations in the design of a lunar settlement will be the internal air pressure.~~
−
−	~~===High Pressure===~~
−
−	~~High air pressure, that is Earth normal 101 kpa (14.2 PSI, makes the living space more Earth like. People and plants accommodate to living on the Moon easily and food is easy to cook.~~
−
−	But, spacesuits must be at low pressure for the joints to work with acceptable amounts of efforts. Any time a persons moves from a high pressure to a low pressure environment, you risk nitrogen forming bubbles in your blood; a conditions called the bends. For the body to accommodate from normal air pressure to a low spacesuit pressure can take as long as an overnight stay in a low pressure chamber.
−
−	~~===Low Pressure===~~
−
−	Low air pressure, with adequate oxygen content, allows the human body to accommodation to spacesuit pressures in only a few minutes or just seconds in an emergency. Ranges from 74 kPa (10.2 psi) down to 33.5 kpi (4.7 psi) have been discussed for lunar settlements. The human body will simply never fully accommodate pressures below about 30 kPascal (4.2 psi).
−
−	At low pressures you can use 100% oxygen which greatly simplifies the entire life support system. Testing this type of system is very dangerous and has resulted in two serious fires. The key safety concept is that if the partial pressure of oxygen exceeds Earth normal of 22 kPascal (3.0 psi) then substancial fire control efforts are required.
−
−	~~The long term health effects of low pressure are not fully known for people or for plants. Any agricultural areas may need additional CO2, humidity, and nitrogen compared the people living areas.~~
−
−	~~Low pressure also saves the cost of shipping a large mass of bulk nitrogen from Earth. This could be a very important cost consideration in early lunar settlements.~~
−
−	Water boils at such a low temperature at low atmospheric pressure that cooking is difficult. You simply cannot get things hot enough to really taste right. A cup of tea that you can stir with your finger is simply not worth drinking.
−
−	~~Also low air pressure will not support as thick a layer of protecting regolith over inflated buildings.~~
−
−	~~===Supporting Regolith===~~
−
−	~~Here are some of present ideas for lunar settlement air pressures and how much regolith they will support:~~
−
−
−	~~{\| border=1~~
−	~~! colspan="2" \| Pressure !! colspan="2" \| Boiling Point Of Water !! Regolith Needed to Equal Atmospheric Shielding !! Maximum Regolith Supported !!Comment~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| kPa \|\| psi \|\| °C \|\| °F \|\| m \|\| m \|\|~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 101.3 \|\| 14.2 \|\| 100 \|\| 212 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 32 \|\| Sea Level, ISS body~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 84 \|\| 12.17 \|\| 95 \|\| 203 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 27 \|\| Denver, a high altitude city~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 81.4 \|\| 11.74 \|\| 94 \|\| 201 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 26 \|\| Mexico City, a high altitude city~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 74.0 \|\| 10.2 \|\| 92 \|\| 197 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 24 \|\| Open airplane, ISS ports~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 59.1 \|\| 8.3 \|\| 86 \|\| 187 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 19 \|\| ISS spacesuit~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 33.5 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 72 \|\| 162 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 10 \|\| Apollo spacesuit~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 30.6 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 70 \|\| 158 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 9.9 \|\| Shuttle spacesuit~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 26.0 \|\| 3.65 \|\| 66 \|\| 152 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 8.4 \|\| Top of Mount Everest~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| 10.0 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 46 \|\| 115 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 1/10 Atm, 16,000 m, unconscious in 10 sec~~
−	\|}
−
−	The Regolith Shield column shows how much lunar regolith is needed to provide radiation shielding equivalent to the air above your head at these locations on Earth. The Regolith Support column shows how much lunar regolith can be supported on the Moon by that level of internal pressure.
−
−	~~These calculations are based on the following parameters:~~
−
−	~~{\| border=1~~
−	~~\| density of packed regolith \|\| 1.9 \|\| g/cm^3 \|\| Used for this calculation~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| density of loose regolith \|\| 1.5 \|\| g/cm^3 \|\| just poured in a pile~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Lunar gravity \|\| 1.63 \|\| m/s^2 \|\| about 1/6 Earth~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| Human body temperature \|\| 37.0 \|\| C \|\| 98.6 F~~
−
−	\|}
−
−
−	It is important to note that the internal pressure inside a living area has plenty of force to support a substantial thickness of lunar regolith above it for radiation and thermal shielding even if low pressures are used.

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 | Sea Level || 101.3 || 14.2 || 5.4 || 17.9 || 16.9 || 2.4
 |-
-| Denver a high altitude city || 84 || 12.17 || 4.5 || 14.8 || 14 || 2
+| Denver, a high altitude city || 84 || 12.17 || 4.5 || 14.8 || 14 || 2
 |-
 | Mexico City, a high altitude city || 81.4 || 11.74 || 4.4 || 14.3 || 13.5 || 2

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 As seen from the chart, the minimum habitat pressure level needed to support the regolith shield on pressure alone is quite low, even for sea level equivalent shielding. Even if a structure was only pressurized to equal the peak of mount everest, it would be able to support sea level radiation shielding and still have a net outward force. The reason for this is that, though the regolith piled atop the structure is the same mass per unit area as earths atmosphere would be, lunar gravity is only around one sixth of earths, resulting in much less force pushing downward, but the same pressure pushing upward. If the same structure was constructed in earth-like gravity (but still in a vacuum), the pressure balance would be quite different.
-As a result, a lunar habitat functioning under normal parameters would not require any internal support for its main structure, as the internal forces of pressure are greater. A lunar habitat could therefor be essentially a giant, reinforced balloon, covered in lunar regolith.
+As a result, a lunar habitat functioning under normal parameters would not require any internal support for its main structure, as the internal forces of pressure are greater. A lunar habitat could therefore be essentially a giant, reinforced balloon, covered in lunar regolith.
 ===Depressurization===

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 == Safety considerations ==
-Most proposals for long term lunar habitats call for the use of a thick blanket of lunar regolith to be piled atop the structure, providing protection from temperature swings, meteorite impacts, and cosmic radiation for the inhabitant, as well as any electronic equipment (see [[Architecture as Mole Hills]] and [[Architecture as Tent  City]]).
+Most proposals for long term lunar habitats call for the use of a thick blanket of lunar regolith to be piled atop the structure, providing protection from temperature swings, meteorite impacts, and cosmic radiation for the inhabitant, as well as any electronic equipment (see [[Architecture as Mole Hills]] and [[Architecture as Tent  City]]). Most of the thickness called for in this blanket is to protect against cosmic radiation.
 Most of the experience mankind has accumulated concerning radiation deals with nuclear radiation. The cosmic radiation encountered beyond earths magnetic field is much less understood, as it can only be replicated on earth by means of a particle accelerator. As such, the question of how much regolith is needed to protect the inhabitants is currently little more than educated guesswork, and will likely remain so until more thorough field study is performed.
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 |}
-(assuming a regolith density of 1.9 grams/cm^3 and lunar gravitation acceleration of 1.63 m/s^2)
+(assuming a regolith density of 1.9 grams/cm^3 and lunar gravitational acceleration of 1.63 m/s^2)
-As seen from the chart, the minimum habitat pressure level needed to support the regolith shield on pressure alone is quite low, even for sea level equivalent shielding. As such, a structure pressurized to sea level pressure (like the ISS), and covered with enough regolith equal sea level radiation shielding would have a large net force pushing outward. The reason for this is that, though the regolith piled atop the structure is the same mass per unit area as earths atmosphere would be, lunar gravity is only around 1/6 of earths, resulting in much less force pushing downward, but the same pressure pushing upward. If the same structure was constructed in earth-like gravity (but still in a vacuum), the pressure would be equal.
+As seen from the chart, the minimum habitat pressure level needed to support the regolith shield on pressure alone is quite low, even for sea level equivalent shielding. Even if a structure was only pressurized to equal the peak of mount everest, it would be able to support sea level radiation shielding and still have a net outward force. The reason for this is that, though the regolith piled atop the structure is the same mass per unit area as earths atmosphere would be, lunar gravity is only around one sixth of earths, resulting in much less force pushing downward, but the same pressure pushing upward. If the same structure was constructed in earth-like gravity (but still in a vacuum), the pressure balance would be quite different.
-As a result, lunar habitat functioning under normal parameters would not require any internal support for its main structure, as the internal forces are greater. A lunar habitat could therefor be essentially a giant, reinforced balloon, covered in lunar regolith.
+As a result, a lunar habitat functioning under normal parameters would not require any internal support for its main structure, as the internal forces of pressure are greater. A lunar habitat could therefor be essentially a giant, reinforced balloon, covered in lunar regolith.
 ===Depressurization===
 One safety consideration for such a structure is to plan for operation in case of pressure loss, also known as a blow out. Some mechanism of coping with a blow out would be required.
-One method of dealing with a blowout is to make the outer structure sufficiently strong that it will not only keep in the pressure under normal conditions, but will also hold its own in a depressurized state. As seen in the chart, a structure capable of supporting a sea level equivalent regolith shield under depressurized conditions would be subject to just under 3 psi of pressure across its roof. This is approximately equivalent to designing an earthbound structure capable of maintaining twice atmospheric pressure under normal conditions, and standard atmospheric pressure six feet underwater in an emergency. A [[steel]] or [[titanium]] structure could be made sufficiently strong to withstand these forces, as could a properly designed [[Sintered Brick Construction|lunar brick]] structure reinforced with steel cable.
+One method of dealing with a blowout is to make the outer structure sufficiently strong that it will not only keep in the pressure under normal conditions, but will also hold its own in a depressurized state. As seen in the chart, a structure capable of supporting a sea level equivalent regolith shield under depressurized conditions would be subject to just under 3 psi of pressure across its roof. This is approximately equivalent to designing an earthbound structure capable of maintaining standard atmospheric pressure six feet underwater in an emergency, as well as containing twice atmospheric pressure under the same conditions normally. A [[steel]] or [[titanium]] structure could be made sufficiently strong to withstand these forces, as could a properly designed [[Sintered Brick Construction|lunar brick]] structure reinforced with steel cable.
-A structure which was supported only by internal pressure would require additional mechanisms to ensure the safety of its inhabitants in case of a blowout. One way of coping with this is to compartmentalize the structure, or in other words, design it so that separate areas could be sealed off if needed, so that a breach in one area would not affect the entire habitat. An additional safety measure that could be installed is a series of gas tanks linked to different areas of the habitat. In the event of a breach, gas could be fed in to maintain the pressure in the affected area long enough to evacuate it.
+A structure which was supported only by internal pressure would require additional mechanisms to ensure the safety of its inhabitants in case of a blowout. One way of coping with this is to compartmentalize the structure, designing it so that separate areas could be sealed off if needed, so that a breach in one area would not affect the entire habitat. Multiple air bladders around the outsize, also compartmentalized, would also aid in reducing the chance of a blowout. An additional safety measure that could be installed is for each section of the habitat to have its own backup gas tank, which would open in case of a pressure loss, feeding the leak until an patch job / evacuation could be achieved. Since the minimum pressure that needs to be maintained is quite low (as discussed previously), this approach could be utilized with a modestly sized backup tank.
 ==Pressure Considerations==

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 {| border=1
-! Pressure !! Pressure !! Boiling Point !! Regolith Shield !! Regolith Supported !!Comment
+! colspan="2" | Pressure !! colspan="2" | Boiling Point Of Water !! Regolith Needed to Equal Atmospheric Shielding !! Maximum Regolith Supported !!Comment
 |-
-| kPascal || PSI || C || Meters || Meters ||
+| kPa || psi || °C || °F || m || m ||
 |-
-| 101.3 || 14.2 || 100 || 5.4 || 32 || Earth standard, ISS body
+| 101.3 || 14.2 || 100 || 212 || 5.4 || 32 || Sea Level, ISS body
 |-
-| 84 || 12.17 || ?  || 4.5 || 27 || Denver, a high altitude city
+| 84 || 12.17 || 95 || 203 || 4.5 || 27 || Denver, a high altitude city
 |-
-| 81.4 || 11.74 || ?  || 4.3 || 26 || Mexico City, a high altitude city
+| 81.4 || 11.74 || 94 || 201 || 4.3 || 26 || Mexico City, a high altitude city
 |-
-| 74.0 || 10.2 ||    || 4.0 || 24 || Open airplane, ISS ports
+| 74.0 || 10.2 || 92 || 197 || 4.0 || 24 || Open airplane, ISS ports
 |-
-| 59.1 || 8.3 ||   ||  || 19 || ISS spacesuit
+| 59.1 || 8.3 || 86 || 187 || 3.2 || 19 || ISS spacesuit
 |-
-| 33.5 || 4.7 ||   ||  || 10 || Apollo spacesuit
+| 33.5 || 4.7 || 72 || 162 || 1.8 || 10 || Apollo spacesuit
 |-
-| 30.6 || 4.3 ||   ||  || 9.9 || Shuttle spacesuit
+| 30.6 || 4.3 || 70 || 158 || 1.6 || 9.9 || Shuttle spacesuit
 |-
-| 26.0 || 3.65 || 69.0 || 1.4 ||   || Top of Mount Everest
+| 26.0 || 3.65 || 66 || 152 || 1.4 ||  8.4 || Top of Mount Everest
 |-
-| 10.0 || 1.5 ||   ||   || .5  || 1/10 Atm, 16,000 m, unconscious in 10 sec
+| 10.0 || 1.5 || 46 || 115 || 0.5 || 3.2  || 1/10 Atm, 16,000 m, unconscious in 10 sec
 |}

@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 The absence of large rooms will make living in a lunar settlement even more claustrophobic. This effect might be countered with panoramic vistas of open space on external monitors, via [[periscope windows|pariscope style windows]], or with viewing doom rooms.
 ----
-[[Image:Under Roof Sketch 18 Sept 2007.png|thumb|320px|Elevated roof concept]]
+==Alternative Roof Supports==
+Once even some industrial capacity is established on the Moon, all lunar material structures will be preferable to inflated structures that require large amounts of materials from Earth.
-==Hard Roof==
+[[Image:Under Roof Sketch 18 Sept 2007.png|thumb|320px|Elevated roof concept]]
+===Hard Roof===
 If a practical lunar cement can be developed, then we can avoid pressure supported roof problems completely.
@@ Line 125: / Line 124: @@
 Earth cements cannot be used as they are water based and the minerals that they are made from are not available on the Moon.
-==Alternate Roof Support==
+===Alternate Roof Support===
 There is an alternate form of roof support discussed within an article on [[Sintered Brick Construction]].
 ----

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 ====Low Pressure====
-Low air pressure, with adequate oxygen content, allows accommodation to spacesuits in only a few minutes or just seconds in an emergency.
+Low air pressure, with adequate oxygen content, allows the human body to accommodation to spacesuit pressures in only a few minutes or just seconds in an emergency.  Ranges from 74 kPa (10.2 psi) down to 33.5 kpi (4.7 psi) have been discussed for lunar settlements. The human body will simply never fully accommodate pressures below about 30 kPascal (4.2 psi).
-The long term health effects of low pressure are not fully known for people or plants.  Any agricultural areas may need additional CO2 and nitrogen.  The human body will simply never fully accommodate pressures below about 30 kPascal.
+At low pressures you can use 100% oxygen which greatly simplifies the entire life support system.  Testing this type of system is very dangerous and has resulted in two serious fires. The key safety concept is that if the partial pressure of oxygen exceeds Earth normal of 22 kPascal (3.0 psi) then substancial fire control efforts are required.
-At low pressures you can use 100% oxygen which greatly simplifies the entire life support system.  Testing this type of system is very dangerous and has resulted in two serious fires.
+Low pressure also saves the cost of shipping a large mass of bulk nitrogen from Earth. This could be a very important cost consideration in early lunar settlements.
-Water boils at such a low temperature that cooking is difficult.  You simply cannot get things hot enough to really taste right.
+Water boils at such a low temperature at low atmospheric pressure that cooking is difficult.  You simply cannot get things hot enough to really taste right.  A cup of tea that you can stir with your finger is simply not worth drinking.
-Also low air pressure will not support as thick a layer of regolith over inflated buildings.
+Also low air pressure will not support as thick a layer of protecting regolith over inflated buildings.
 ====Supporting Regolith====

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ====High Pressure====
-High air pressure makes the living space more Earth like.  People and plants accommodate easily and food is easy to cook.
+High air pressure, that is Earth normal 101 kpa (14.2 PSI, makes the living space more Earth like.  People and plants accommodate to living on the Moon easily and food is easy to cook.
-But, spacesuits must be at low pressure for the joints to work with acceptable amounts of efforts.  For the body to accommodate from normal air pressure to low spacesuit pressure can take as long as three hours.
+But, spacesuits must be at low pressure for the joints to work with acceptable amounts of efforts.  Any time a persons moves from a high pressure to a low pressure environment, you risk nitrogen forming bubbles in your blood; a conditions called the bends. For the body to accommodate from normal air pressure to a low spacesuit pressure can take as long as an overnight stay in a low pressure chamber.
 ====Low Pressure====