Thiel - Revision history

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Trixibelden at 14:22, 31 December 2012

2012-12-31T14:22:25Z

Trixibelden: Walter Thiel, German rocket scientist worked with Dornberger and von Braun in Kummersdorf and Peenemünde. He hat provided decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine. Died August, 18 1943 in a bomb raid.

2012-12-31T14:15:14Z

Walter Thiel, German rocket scientist worked with Dornberger and von Braun in Kummersdorf and Peenemünde. He hat provided decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine. Died August, 18 1943 in a bomb raid.

Trixibelden: Walter Thiel, German rocket scientist worked with Dornberger and von Braun in Kummersdorf and Peenemünde. He hat provided decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine. Died August, 18 1943 in a bomb raid.

2012-12-31T14:05:26Z

80.133.55.97: Walter Thiel, German rocket scientist worked with Dornberger and von Braun in Kummersdorf and Peenemünde. He hat provided decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine. Died August, 18 1943 in a bomb raid.

2012-12-31T13:33:27Z

New page

Dr. Walter Thiel (March 3, 1910 Breslau - August 18, 1943 Karlshagen near Peenemünde) was a German rocket scientist. Walter Thiel provided the decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine and his research enabled rockets to head towards space.

Life

Walter Erich Oskar Thiel was born on March, 3, 1910 in the Silesian city of Breslau, as second son of Oskar Thiel (civil servant at the German Post) and Elsa Thiel.

1929 Walter Thiel passes all Abitur exams with the highest possible grade A. After his Abitur he studied chemistry at the Polytechnical College in Breslau. Due to his excellent work he was exempt from study fees as of the third semester. In summer semester of 1931 he passed the preliminary examination with excellence. In winter semester 1933 he passed all 7 diploma exams with the highest possible grade A and he became Dipl.-Ing. (chem.).

In 1934 his thesis “Über die Addition von Verbindungen mit stark polarer Kohlenstoff-Halogenbindung an ungesättigte Kohlen-Wasserstoffe“ received the highest possible honor (summa cum laude). He became Dr.-Ing. (chem.). His doctorate was confirmed on November 8, 1934 in Breslau (source: Walter Thiel’s doctorate).

Thiel's Professor in Breslau recommended Thiel to the Research Institute of the German army ordnance office of under-secretary Prof. Karl Erich Schumann at the University of Berlin. Thiel’s previous findings had techological applicability and therefore he was able to continue his fundamental research in a leading position. Late 1934 or early 1935 Thiel became research instructor at Reichswehrministerium. Schumann accompanied many diploma theses and dissertations, including that of Wernher von Braun, who completed his dissertation in 1934. The contacts between the testing ground in Kummersdorf and Schumann’s Institute was close, the eastern part of the site in Kummersdorf served as an experimental base for Schumann’s institutes, in the west a group of scientists around Major Walter Dornberger carried out their experiments. Here Thiel got to know Dornberger and von Braun. In autumn of 1936 Dornberger asked Thiel to move from fundamental research to Wa Prüf 11 at Kummersdorf’s western testing ground. All topics regarding the engine were assigned to Thiel, and he had to further advance the propulsion, which he managed in a very short time. In his paper “Empirische und theoretische Grundlagen zur Neuberechnung von Öfen und Versuchsdaten, Schießplatz Kummersdorf Vers. West“, that he presented on April 27, 1937, Thiel introduces developments that lead to decisive changes, including a shortening of the oven and an optimization of the injection nozzle. Furthermore, Thiel continued to research different fuel mixtures for the rocket engines.

In 1937 the first scientists moved from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde. As the test stations were not ready yet, Thiel and his team stayed in Kummersdorf until 1940. In 1940 many new scientists were recruited in order to speed up the R&D of the A4. Chemist Gerhard Heller became a very important co-worker of Thiel. They also established private contacts. Other colleagues of Thiel at the development unit, who later followed von Braun to Fort Bliss (USA) as the first 118 paperclip engineers, included: Hermann M. Bedürftig, Konrad Dannenberg, Werner Dobrick, Hans Fichtner, Werner Gengelbach, Hans J. Lindenmayr, Dr. William A. Mrazek, Kurt E. Patt, Gerhard H. Reisig, Walther J. Riedel (Riedel III), Ludwig Roth, Helmut Zoike.

The scientists’ hard and intense work on the A4 project was crowned with the first successful launch from test station VII on October 3, 1942. The rocket flew 190 km in the targeted direction and it reached a height of 85 km. The top-speed was 1,322 m/sec. As the A4 was now showing military qualities, the NS leadership was demanding immediate implementation in war. Mass production replaced science, although the whole unit was still immature. There were many launch failures after October 3, 1942.

In 1943 Thiel and many fellow scientists and researchers were very exhausted and unhappy in Peenemünde. Work overload, pressure to succeed and the changeover from a research unit to a production facility started to take its toll on the scientists. Thiel refused to declare the rocket engine ready for mass production. In a letter to von Braun, sent during a trip to a health farm, Thiel described the Aggregat 4: “…where it is more of a complicated lab product than a mass item….”. Thiel formulated his protest by handing in his resignation orally on August 17, 1943. He planned to get his professorship at a university. Dornberger rejected his resignation.

During the following night from August 17 to August 18, 1943 the Royal Air Force launched a bombing raid on Peenemünde (Operation Hydra). The Thiel family died in a slit trench in front of their home in Karlshagen, it is very likely that a bomb hit the slit trench directly. Thiel and his family (wife Martha, daughter Sigrid and son Siegfried) were buried at the war cemetery in Karlshagen.

Thiel’s accomplishments were not forgotten. In 1970 a moon crater was named after him. It is located on the dark side of the moon and it is not visible from earth. (Coordinates: 40° 42’ N / 134° 30’ W, mean diameter: 32.0 km). In addition, Thiel was one of the first pioneers to be inducted in the “Space Hall of Fame” in Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA in 1976.

Source: Thiel, K., Przybilski, O.: WALTER THIEL - SHORT LIFE OF A ROCKET SCIENTIST, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, IAC-12-E4-3B, October, 4 2012.

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:00, 22 January 2013
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	==References==		==References==
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		+	[[Category:People]]

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 '''Dr Walter Thiel''', a German rocket scientist, was born on the 2nd of March, 1910, in Breslau in Lower Silesia, which is now a city of Poland called Wroclaw in Polish.  He died in Karlshagen on the 18th of August  1943.
-Walter Dornberger hired by him for German research at Kummersdorf in November of 1932.  He transferred to Dornberger's new rocket section in 1936.<ref>The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile, 1995. published by The Free Press, New York. pages 56, 80, 84, 142, 157</ref>  Thiel transferred from Kummersdorf to the Peenemünde Army Research Center in the summer of 1940, where he became deputy director of the research Organization under Wernher von Braun.  He had experience working as a chemical engineer at the Heyland Works at Brietz near Berlin.<ref>Walter Dornberger author of V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall, 1952. published by Bechtle Verlag, Esslingan. pages 27, 50, 53 -- US translation  ''V-2'' Viking Press: New York, 1954</ref>  Thiel also designed the motor for the Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile.
+Walter Dornberger hired by him for German research at Kummersdorf in November of 1932.  He transferred to Dornberger's new rocket section in 1936.<ref>The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile, 1995. published by The Free Press, New York. pages 56, 80, 84, 142, 157</ref>  Thiel transferred from Kummersdorf to the Peenemünde Army Research Center in the summer of 1940, where he became deputy director of the research Organization under Wernher von Braun.  He had experience working as a chemical engineer at the Heyland Works at Brietz near Berlin.<ref>Walter Dornberger author of V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall, 1952. published by Bechtle Verlag, Esslingan. pages 27, 50, 53 -- US translation:  ''V-2''. Viking Press: New York, 1954</ref>  Thiel also designed the motor for the Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile.
 Walter Thiel was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976.<ref>[http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=24 International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile] at www.nmspacemuseum.org</ref> The crater [[Thiel (crater)|Thiel]] on the Moon is named after him.
 ==Aggregate series Development==
-Based on the '''film cooling''' ('veil cooling') solution identified by colleague Moritz Pöhlmann at [[Peenemünde]], Thiel designed rings of tiny perforations in the cumbustion chamber walls to inject fuel at the throat to cooling by evaporation preventing nozzle erosion in the V-2 rocket engine. <ref>Ernst Klee & Otto Merk, The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde, 1963. English translation 1965 published by Gerhard Stalling Verlag, Hamburg. page 117</ref><ref>Basil Collier, The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945. published 1964 by The Emfield Press Yorkshire. pages 24, 91</ref>
+Based on the '''film cooling''' ('veil cooling') solution identified by colleague Moritz Pöhlmann at Peenemünde, Thiel designed rings of tiny perforations in the cumbustion chamber walls to inject fuel at the throat to cooling by evaporation preventing nozzle erosion in the V-2 rocket engine. <ref>Ernst Klee & Otto Merk, The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde, 1963. English translation 1965 published by Gerhard Stalling Verlag, Hamburg. page 117</ref><ref>Basil Collier, The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945. published 1964 by The Emfield Press Yorkshire. pages 24, 91</ref>
 By September 15, 1941, Thiel officially declared the basic eighteen-pot design of the A-4 motor finished. He had begun investigating nitric acid and diesel oil to be used as the fuel for the 30-ton-thrust A-8 rocket in the Spring of 1941.
-Thiel reported progress on the initial A-9/A-10 rocket motor with six combustion chambers and one common exhaust nozzle in a secret command document on December 18, 1941,
+Thiel reported progress on the initial A-9/A-10 rocket motor with six combustion chambers and one common exhaust nozzle in a secret command document on December 18, 1941.
 In August 1943, Dr. Thiel reported that the A-4 design could not be mass produced and recommended that the project be cancelled. He resigned intending to lecture in thermodynamics at a technical college.<ref>http://www.astronautix.com/astros/thialter.htm</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Dr Walter Thiel''' (March 3, 1910 Breslau - August 18, 1943 Karlshagen, near Peenemünde) was a German [[rocket scientist]]. Walter Thiel provided the decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine and his research enabled rockets to head towards space.<ref>Thiel, K. and Przybilski, O.: Walter Thiel - Short life of a rocket scientist, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, IAC-12-E4-3B, October, 4 2012.</ref>
+'''Dr Walter Thiel''', a German rocket scientist, was born on the 2nd of March, 1910, in Breslau in Lower Silesia, which is now a city of Poland called Wroclaw in Polish.  He died in Karlshagen on the 18th of August  1943.
+Walter Dornberger hired by him for German research at Kummersdorf in November of 1932.  He transferred to Dornberger's new rocket section in 1936.<ref>The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile, 1995. published by The Free Press, New York. pages 56, 80, 84, 142, 157</ref>  Thiel transferred from Kummersdorf to the Peenemünde Army Research Center in the summer of 1940, where he became deputy director of the research Organization under Wernher von Braun.  He had experience working as a chemical engineer at the Heyland Works at Brietz near Berlin.<ref>Walter Dornberger author of V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall, 1952. published by Bechtle Verlag, Esslingan. pages 27, 50, 53 -- US translation  ''V-2'' Viking Press: New York, 1954</ref>  Thiel also designed the motor for the Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile.
-==Life==
+Walter Thiel was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976.<ref>[http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=24 International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile] at www.nmspacemuseum.org</ref> The crater [[Thiel (crater)|Thiel]] on the Moon is named after him.
 ==Aggregate series Development==
-Based on the '''film cooling''' ('veil cooling') solution identified by colleague Moritz Pöhlmann at Peenemünde, Thiel designed annular rings of tiny perforations to inject unburnt fuel through the chamber walls at the throat for evaporative cooling to prevent A4 rocket nozzle erosion.<ref name=Neufeld/><ref name=Klee>{{cite book |last=Klee|first=Ernst|coauthors=Merk, Otto|title=The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde|year=1963, English translation 1965|publisher=Gerhard Stalling Verlag|location=Hamburg|pages=117}}</ref><ref name=Collier>{{cite book |last=Collier|first=Basil|title=The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945 |origyear=1964|year=1976|publisher=The Emfield Press|location=Yorkshire|isbn=0-7057-0070-4|pages=24, 91}}</ref>
+Based on the '''film cooling''' ('veil cooling') solution identified by colleague Moritz Pöhlmann at [[Peenemünde]], Thiel designed rings of tiny perforations in the cumbustion chamber walls to inject fuel at the throat to cooling by evaporation preventing nozzle erosion in the V-2 rocket engine. <ref>Ernst Klee & Otto Merk, The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde, 1963. English translation 1965 published by Gerhard Stalling Verlag, Hamburg. page 117</ref><ref>Basil Collier, The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945. published 1964 by The Emfield Press Yorkshire. pages 24, 91</ref>
-By September 15, 1941, Thiel officially declared the basic eighteen-pot design of the A-4 motor finished.<ref name=Neufeld/>
+By September 15, 1941, Thiel officially declared the basic eighteen-pot design of the A-4 motor finished. He had begun investigating nitric acid and diesel oil to be used as the fuel for the 30-ton-thrust A-8 rocket in the Spring of 1941.
-Earlier in the Spring of 1941, Thiel began investigating nitric acid and diesel oil to be used as the fuel for the 30-ton-thrust [[Aggregate Series#A8|A-8]] .<ref name=Neufeld/>
+Thiel reported progress on the initial A-9/A-10 rocket motor with six combustion chambers and one common exhaust nozzle in a secret command document on December 18, 1941,
-Then on December 18, 1941, Thiel documented the initial A9 and A10 motor design of six combustion chambers into one common nozzle in Secret Command Document 1496/41.<ref name=Klee/><ref name=Pocock>{{cite book |last=Pocock|first=Rowland F|title=German Guided Missiles of the Second World War|year=1967|publisher=Arco Publishing Company, Inc.|location=New York|pages=98}}</ref>
+In August 1943, Dr. Thiel reported that the A-4 design could not be mass produced and recommended that the project be cancelled. He resigned intending to lecture in thermodynamics at a technical college.<ref>http://www.astronautix.com/astros/thialter.htm</ref>
+Thiel died days later in a bombing raid on Peenemünde.  Martin Schilling replaced Thiel.
 ==References==
-Thiel, K. and Przybilski, O.: Walter Thiel - Short life of a rocket scientist, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, IAC-12-E4-3B, October, 4 2012.
+<references/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Dr Walter Thiel''' (March 3, 1910 Breslau - August 18, 1943 Karlshagen, near Peenemünde) was a German [[rocket scientist]]. Walter Thiel provided the decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine and his research enabled rockets to head towards space.<ref>Thiel, K. and Przybilski, O.: Walter Thiel - Short life of a rocket scientist, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, IAC-12-E4-3B, October, 4 2012.</ref>
@@ Line 19: / Line 18: @@
 During the following night from August 17 to August 18, 1943 the Royal Air Force launched a Bombing raid of Peenemünde (Operation Hydra). The Thiel family died in a slit trench in front of their home in Karlshagen, it is very likely that a bomb hit the slit trench directly. Thiel and his family (wife Martha, daughter Sigrid and son Siegfried) were buried at the war cemetery in Karlshagen. Martin Schilling replaced Thiel.<ref name=Neufeld/>
-Thiel’s accomplishments were not forgotten. In 1970 a [[Thiel (crater)|Thiel]] is named after him. It is located on the dark side of the moon and it is not visible from earth. (Coordinates: 40° 42’ N / 134° 30’ W, mean diameter: 32.0 km). In addition, Thiel was one of the first pioneers to be inducted in the “Space Hall of Fame” in Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA in 1976. <ref>[http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=24 International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.nmspacemuseum.org</ref>
+Thiel’s accomplishments were not forgotten. In 1970 a crater, Thiel, is named after him. It is located on the dark side of the moon and it is not visible from earth. (Coordinates: 40° 42’ N / 134° 30’ W, mean diameter: 32.0 km). In addition, Thiel was one of the first pioneers to be inducted in the “Space Hall of Fame” in Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA in 1976. <ref>[http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=24 International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.nmspacemuseum.org</ref>
 ==Aggregate series Development==
@@ Line 33: / Line 32: @@
 By the middle of August 1943, Dr Thiel declared that the A-4 developmental problems preclude mass production, recommended the project be abandoned.<ref>http://www.astronautix.com/astros/thialter.htm</ref>
-Thiel also designed the motor for the [[Wasserfall]] anti-aircraft missile.
+Thiel also designed the motor for the Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile.
 ==References==
@@ Line 52: / Line 51: @@
 http://www.astronautix.com/astros/thialter.htm
-{{Persondata         <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
+[[Category:People]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{For|the German chemist|Walter Thiel (chemist)}}
+{{German chemist|Walter Thiel (chemist)}}
 '''Dr Walter Thiel''' (March 3, 1910 Breslau - August 18, 1943 Karlshagen, near Peenemünde) was a German [[rocket scientist]]. Walter Thiel provided the decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine and his research enabled rockets to head towards space.<ref>Thiel, K. and Przybilski, O.: Walter Thiel - Short life of a rocket scientist, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, IAC-12-E4-3B, October, 4 2012.</ref>
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+Thiel, K. and Przybilski, O.: Walter Thiel - Short life of a rocket scientist, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, IAC-12-E4-3B, October, 4 2012.
 {{Persondata         <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{For|the German chemist|Walter Thiel (chemist)}}
-'''Dr Walter Thiel''' (March 3, 1910 [[Breslau]] - August 18, 1943 [[Karlshagen]], near [[Peenemünde]]) was a German [[rocket scientist]]. Walter Thiel provided the decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine and his research enabled rockets to head towards space.<ref>Thiel, K. and Przybilski, O.: Walter Thiel - Short life of a rocket scientist, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, IAC-12-E4-3B, October, 4 2012.</ref>
+'''Dr Walter Thiel''' (March 3, 1910 Breslau - August 18, 1943 Karlshagen, near Peenemünde) was a German [[rocket scientist]]. Walter Thiel provided the decisive ideas for the A4 rocket engine and his research enabled rockets to head towards space.<ref>Thiel, K. and Przybilski, O.: Walter Thiel - Short life of a rocket scientist, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, IAC-12-E4-3B, October, 4 2012.</ref>
-'''Life'''
+==Life==
 Walter Erich Oskar Thiel was born on March, 3, 1910 in the Silesian city of Breslau, as second son of Oskar Thiel (civil servant at the German Post) and Elsa Thiel.
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 In summer semester of 1931 he passed the preliminary examination with excellence. In winter semester 1933 he passed all 7 diploma exams with the highest possible grade A and he became Dipl.-Ing. (chem.). In 1934 his thesis “Über die Addition von Verbindungen mit stark polarer Kohlenstoff-Halogenbindung an ungesättigte Kohlen-Wasserstoffe“ received the highest possible honor (summa cum laude). He became Dr.-Ing. (chem.). His doctorate was confirmed on November 8, 1934 in Breslau (source: Walter Thiel’s doctorate).
-Thiel's Professor in Breslau recommended Thiel to the Research Institute of the German army ordnance office of under-secretary Prof. Karl Erich Schumann at the University of Berlin. Thiel’s previous findings had technological applicability and therefore he was able to continue his fundamental research in a leading position. Late 1934 or early 1935 Thiel became research instructor at Reichswehrministerium. Schumann accompanied many diploma theses and dissertations, including that of [[Wernher von Braun]], who completed his dissertation in 1934. The contacts between the testing ground in [[Kummersdorf]] and Schumann’s Institute was close, the eastern part of the site in [[Kummersdorf]] served as an experimental base for Schumann’s institutes, in the west a group of scientists around Major [[Walter Dornberger]] carried out their experiments. Here Thiel got to know [[Walter Dornberger]] and [[Wernher von Braun]].
+Thiel's Professor in Breslau recommended Thiel to the Research Institute of the German army ordnance office of under-secretary Prof. Karl Erich Schumann at the University of Berlin. Thiel’s previous findings had technological applicability and therefore he was able to continue his fundamental research in a leading position. Late 1934 or early 1935 Thiel became research instructor at Reichswehrministerium. Schumann accompanied many diploma theses and dissertations, including that of [[Wernher von Braun]], who completed his dissertation in 1934. The contacts between the testing ground in Kummersdorf and Schumann’s Institute was close, the eastern part of the site in Kummersdorf served as an experimental base for Schumann’s institutes, in the west a group of scientists around Major [[Walter Dornberger]] carried out their experiments. Here Thiel got to know Dornberger and von Braun.
-In autumn of 1936 [[Dornberger]] asked Thiel to move from fundamental research to Wa Prüf 11 at Kummersdorf’s western testing ground. All topics regarding the engine were assigned to Thiel, and he had to further advance the propulsion, which he managed in a very short time. In his paper “Empirische und theoretische Grundlagen zur Neuberechnung von Öfen und Versuchsdaten, Schießplatz Kummersdorf Vers. West“, that he presented on April 27, 1937, Thiel introduces developments that lead to decisive changes, including a shortening of the oven and an optimization of the injection nozzle. Furthermore, Thiel continued to research different fuel mixtures for the rocket engines.<ref name=Neufeld>{{cite book |last=Neufeld|first=Michael J|title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era|year=1995|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|isbn=|pages=56, 80, 84, 142, 157}}</ref>
+In autumn of 1936 Dornberger asked Thiel to move from fundamental research to Wa Prüf 11 at Kummersdorf’s western testing ground. All topics regarding the engine were assigned to Thiel, and he had to further advance the propulsion, which he managed in a very short time. In his paper “Empirische und theoretische Grundlagen zur Neuberechnung von Öfen und Versuchsdaten, Schießplatz Kummersdorf Vers. West“, that he presented on April 27, 1937, Thiel introduces developments that lead to decisive changes, including a shortening of the oven and an optimization of the injection nozzle. Furthermore, Thiel continued to research different fuel mixtures for the rocket engines.<ref name=Neufeld>{{cite book |last=Neufeld|first=Michael J|title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era|year=1995|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|isbn=|pages=56, 80, 84, 142, 157}}</ref>
-In 1937 the first scientists moved from [[Kummersdorf]] to [[Peenemünde]]. As the test stations were not ready yet, Thiel and his team stayed in [[Kummersdorf]] until 1940. After transferring from Kummersdorf to the [[Peenemünde]] Army Research Center in the summer of 1940, Thiel became deputy director of the [[Peenemünde#HVP Organization|Peenemünde HVP Organization]] under von Braun. In 1940 many new scientists were recruited in order to speed up the R&D of the A4. Chemist Gerhard Heller became a very important co-worker of Thiel. They also established private contacts. Other colleagues of Thiel at the development unit, who later followed von Braun to Fort Bliss (USA) as the first 118 paperclip engineers, included: Hermann M. Bedürftig, Konrad Dannenberg, Werner Dobrick, Hans Fichtner, Werner Gengelbach, Hans J. Lindenmayr, Dr. William A. Mrazek, Kurt E. Patt, Gerhard H. Reisig, Walther J. Riedel (Riedel III), Ludwig Roth, Helmut Zoike.
+In 1937 the first scientists moved from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde. As the test stations were not ready yet, Thiel and his team stayed in Kummersdorf until 1940. After transferring from Kummersdorf to the Peenemünde Army Research Center in the summer of 1940, Thiel became deputy director for R&D of von Braun. In 1940 many new scientists were recruited in order to speed up the R&D of the A4. Chemist Gerhard Heller became a very important co-worker of Thiel. They also established private contacts. Other colleagues of Thiel at the development unit, who later followed von Braun to Fort Bliss (USA) as the first 118 paperclip engineers, included: Hermann M. Bedürftig, Konrad Dannenberg, Werner Dobrick, Hans Fichtner, Werner Gengelbach, Hans J. Lindenmayr, Dr. William A. Mrazek, Kurt E. Patt, Gerhard H. Reisig, Walther J. Riedel (Riedel III), Ludwig Roth, Helmut Zoike.
-The scientists’ hard and intense work on the A4 project was crowned with the first successful launch from test station VII on October 3, 1942. The rocket flew 190 km in the targeted direction and it reached a height of 85 km. The top-speed was 1,322 m/sec. As the A4 was now showing military qualities, the NS leadership was demanding immediate implementation in war. Mass production replaced science, although the whole unit was still immature. There were many launch failures after October 3, 1942. In 1943 Thiel and many fellow scientists and researchers were very exhausted and unhappy in [[Peenemünde]]. Work overload, pressure to succeed and the changeover from a research unit to a production facility started to take its toll on the scientists. Thiel refused to declare the rocket engine ready for mass production. In a letter to von Braun, sent during a trip to a health farm, Thiel described the Aggregat 4: “…where it is more of a complicated lab product than a mass item….”. Thiel formulated his protest by handing in his resignation orally on August 17, 1943.<ref name=Dornberger>{{cite book |last=Dornberger|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Dornberger|title=V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall|year=1952 -- US translation  ''V-2'' Viking Press:New York, 1954|month= |publisher=Bechtle Verlag|location=Esslingan|language=German|isbn=|pages=27, 50, 53}}</ref> He planned to get his professorship at a university. Dornberger rejected his resignation.
+The scientists’ hard and intense work on the A4 project was crowned with the first successful launch from test station VII on October 3, 1942. The rocket flew 190 km in the targeted direction and it reached a height of 85 km. The top-speed was 1,322 m/sec. As the A4 was now showing military qualities, the NS leadership was demanding immediate implementation in war. Mass production replaced science, although the whole unit was still immature. There were many launch failures after October 3, 1942. In 1943 Thiel and many fellow scientists and researchers were very exhausted and unhappy in Peenemünde. Work overload, pressure to succeed and the changeover from a research unit to a production facility started to take its toll on the scientists. Thiel refused to declare the rocket engine ready for mass production. In a letter to von Braun, sent during a trip to a health farm, Thiel described the Aggregat 4: “…where it is more of a complicated lab product than a mass item….”. Thiel formulated his protest by handing in his resignation orally on August 17, 1943.<ref name=Dornberger>{{cite book |last=Dornberger|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Dornberger|title=V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall|year=1952 -- US translation  ''V-2'' Viking Press:New York, 1954|month= |publisher=Bechtle Verlag|location=Esslingan|language=German|isbn=|pages=27, 50, 53}}</ref> He planned to get his professorship at a university. Dornberger rejected his resignation.
-During the following night from August 17 to August 18, 1943 the Royal Air Force launched a Bombing raid of Peenemünde [[Operation ''Hydra'']]. The Thiel family died in a slit trench in front of their home in Karlshagen, it is very likely that a bomb hit the slit trench directly. Thiel and his family (wife Martha, daughter Sigrid and son Siegfried) were buried at the war cemetery in Karlshagen. Martin Schilling replaced Thiel.<ref name=Neufeld/>
+During the following night from August 17 to August 18, 1943 the Royal Air Force launched a Bombing raid of Peenemünde (Operation Hydra). The Thiel family died in a slit trench in front of their home in Karlshagen, it is very likely that a bomb hit the slit trench directly. Thiel and his family (wife Martha, daughter Sigrid and son Siegfried) were buried at the war cemetery in Karlshagen. Martin Schilling replaced Thiel.<ref name=Neufeld/>
 Thiel’s accomplishments were not forgotten. In 1970 a [[Thiel (crater)|Thiel]] is named after him. It is located on the dark side of the moon and it is not visible from earth. (Coordinates: 40° 42’ N / 134° 30’ W, mean diameter: 32.0 km). In addition, Thiel was one of the first pioneers to be inducted in the “Space Hall of Fame” in Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA in 1976. <ref>[http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=24 International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.nmspacemuseum.org</ref>
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 ==Aggregate series Development==
-Based on the '''film cooling''' ('veil cooling') solution identified by colleague Moritz Pöhlmann at [[Peenemünde]], Thiel designed annular rings of tiny perforations to inject unburnt fuel through the chamber walls at the throat for evaporative cooling to prevent [[V-2 rocket]] nozzle erosion.<ref name=Neufeld/><ref name=Klee>{{cite book |last=Klee|first=Ernst|coauthors=Merk, Otto|title=The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde|year=1963, English translation 1965|publisher=Gerhard Stalling Verlag|location=Hamburg|pages=117}}</ref><ref name=Collier>{{cite book |last=Collier|first=Basil|title=The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945 |origyear=1964|year=1976|publisher=The Emfield Press|location=Yorkshire|isbn=0-7057-0070-4|pages=24, 91}}</ref>
+Based on the '''film cooling''' ('veil cooling') solution identified by colleague Moritz Pöhlmann at Peenemünde, Thiel designed annular rings of tiny perforations to inject unburnt fuel through the chamber walls at the throat for evaporative cooling to prevent A4 rocket nozzle erosion.<ref name=Neufeld/><ref name=Klee>{{cite book |last=Klee|first=Ernst|coauthors=Merk, Otto|title=The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde|year=1963, English translation 1965|publisher=Gerhard Stalling Verlag|location=Hamburg|pages=117}}</ref><ref name=Collier>{{cite book |last=Collier|first=Basil|title=The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945 |origyear=1964|year=1976|publisher=The Emfield Press|location=Yorkshire|isbn=0-7057-0070-4|pages=24, 91}}</ref>
 By September 15, 1941, Thiel officially declared the basic eighteen-pot design of the A-4 motor finished.<ref name=Neufeld/>
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 Earlier in the Spring of 1941, Thiel began investigating nitric acid and diesel oil to be used as the fuel for the 30-ton-thrust [[Aggregate Series#A8|A-8]] .<ref name=Neufeld/>
-Then on December 18, 1941, Thiel documented the initial [[Aggregate Series#A9|A-9/A-10]] motor design of six combustion chambers into one common nozzle in Secret Command Document 1496/41.<ref name=Klee/><ref name=Pocock>{{cite book |last=Pocock|first=Rowland F|title=German Guided Missiles of the Second World War|year=1967|publisher=Arco Publishing Company, Inc.|location=New York|pages=98}}</ref>
+Then on December 18, 1941, Thiel documented the initial A9 and A10 motor design of six combustion chambers into one common nozzle in Secret Command Document 1496/41.<ref name=Klee/><ref name=Pocock>{{cite book |last=Pocock|first=Rowland F|title=German Guided Missiles of the Second World War|year=1967|publisher=Arco Publishing Company, Inc.|location=New York|pages=98}}</ref>
 By the middle of August 1943, Dr Thiel declared that the A-4 developmental problems preclude mass production, recommended the project be abandoned.<ref>http://www.astronautix.com/astros/thialter.htm</ref>