Difference between revisions of "KREEP"

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KREEP is an acronym used in geochemistry to represent a mixture of K-[[potassium]], REE-[[rare earth elements]], and P-[[phosphorus]].  Many scientists consider this component of lunar rocks to be the remnant of a magma ocean which is widely accepted to have covered the surface of the moon approximately 4.5 billion years ago after the moon formed from debris cast out in a cataclysmic collision between earth and another celestial body.
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{{Expand}}
  
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KREEP is a composite of what scientists term "incompatible elements": elements which cannot fit into the crystal structures formed by cooling magma and are left floating on the surface.  It is considered a convenient tracer for researchers seeking to chronicle the volcanic history of the lunar surface, as well as impacts of celestial bodies.
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KREEP is an acronym used in geochemistry to represent a mixture of K-[[potassium]], REE-[[rare earth elements]], and P-[[phosphorus]].  It is not only the main source of these elements on the moon, but also many other trace elements such as [[uranium]], [[thorium]], [[fluorine]], [[chlorine]], and [[zirconium]]. 
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{|align=left
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  |__TOC__
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  |}
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==Origins and Distribution==
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It is believed that approximately 4.5 billion years ago the earth suffered a cataclysmic collision with another solar body roughly the size of Mars.  The disk of debris from this collision accreted over time to form a moon very different from the one we know today.  The process was a violent one, resulting in an ocean of magma covering the entire lunar surface.  Through the cooling of this ocean of magma KREEP was isolated from other lunar minerals, as explained below.
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[[image:A12_Kreep12013.gif|thumb|Apollo 12 KREEP sample.  Click to Enlarge]]
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KREEP is a composite of what scientists term "incompatible elements": elements which cannot fit easily into the crystal structures formed by cooling magma and tend to separate out into the remaining liquid phase. This resulted in a KREEP rich magma sandwiched between the floating [[anorthosite|anorthositic]] [[plagioclase]] of the lunar crust and the precipitating minerals, such as [[olivine]], that formed the mantle.  Although it was common belief that this process would form an evenly distributed global layer of KREEP magma, the [[Gamma Ray Spectrometer]] aboard [[Lunar Prospector]] shows that KREEP is mainly concentrated in the area of [[Oceanus Procellarum]] and [[Mare Imbrium]].  This unusual geological region is now referred to as the [[Procellarum KREEP Terrane]].  Deep penetrating impact basins away from this region show only modest or no KREEP concentrations in their ejecta and rims.
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[[image:TerranesTh.jpg|left|thumb|Thorium Distribution on the Moon.  Note the high concentrations around the Procellarum KREEP Terrane.  Thorium is a tracer for KREEP deposits.  Click Image to Enlarge.]]
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KREEP is kicked up in the ejecta or "splash out" produced in impacts taking place on or in close proximity to [[basalt|basaltic]] lava flows, as well as in major impacts which penetrate the crust.  Some of this splash out was brought back by the [[Apollo 15]] mission in fragments generally smaller than 1cm.  These samples are believed to have originated after the impact which formed the Imbrium basin[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6201/abs/336751a0.html].
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==Applications==
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{{expandsec}}
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It is considered a convenient tracer for researchers seeking to chronicle the volcanic history of the lunar surface, as well as impacts of celestial bodies.
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===KREEP as an Ore===
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''"On the Moon, elements have not been concentrated into what we would call ores through geological processing in the presence of water. We have instead "poor ores" if you can call them ores at all.
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''So wherever we find special concentrations, these are certainly places to consider in mining and processing operations. We will want to get beyond the new stone age on the Moon, and have a post-Flintstonian civilization :-)
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''So to get alloy ingredients for workable metals, nutrients for agriculture, industrial reagents and much more, special concentrations such as [[ilmenite]] and KREEP will play a vital role." - [[Peter Kokh]]''
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====Contents of KREEP and brief list of applications====
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{{expandsec}}
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*[[Fluorine]] - useful in [[fluorine reaction]] of [[regolith]] to produce [[oxygen]]
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*[[Sodium]] - industrially can be used to dope mare basalt in order to lower its melting point far enough so that it can be used as a glass matrix for glass fibers made from highland [[regolith]] with a higher melting point.
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*[[Potassium]] - can be used industrially for doping basalt (see sodium).  Agriculturally it is an important component of some fertilizers. (most notably [[potassium phosphate]])
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*[[Phosphorus]] - Also an important component in some agricultural fertilizers (most notably [[potassium phosphate]])
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*[[Chlorine]] - useful for making [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid hypochlorous acid] used in water purification; and silicon tetrachloride which is an intermediary on the path to high purity silicon for solar cells.
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*[[Zirconium]] - uses: a refractory material, in nuclear reactors, piping for corrosive chemicals, hip and knee replacement, jewelry (cubic zirconia)
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*[[Thorium]] - Useful as a fuel in some nuclear reactors, as well as an ingredient in some super alloys
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*[[Uranium]] - A nuclear power source
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Rare Earth Elements - see [[Rare Earth Elements|related article]]
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*[[Scandium]] - Used as a strengthening agent and thermal stabilizer in [[aluminum]] alloys.
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*[[Yttrium]] - used in microwave filters (radar), acoustic transmitters/transducers, infrared lasers, white LEDs, superconductors, glass (camera lenses), ceramics (fireproof bricks), many metal alloys (strengthener and deoxidizer).
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*[[Lanthanum]] -
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*[[Cerium]]
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*[[Praseodymium]]
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*[[Neodymium]]
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*[[Samarium]]
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*[[Europium]]
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*[[Gadolinium]]
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*[[Terbium]]
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*[[Dysprosium]]
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*[[Holmium]]
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*[[Erbium]]
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*[[Thulium]]
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*[[Ytterbium]]
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*[[Lutetium]]
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<!--
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*[[]]
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*[[]]
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*[[]]
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*[[]]-->
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==Related Articles==
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*[[Rare Earth Elements]]
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*[[Ore Bodies]]
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==External Links==
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*[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/gamres.htm NASA Gamma Ray Spectrometer Results]
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*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6201/abs/336751a0.html Quenching and disruption of lunar KREEP lava flows by impacts]
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*[http://66.225.140.1/minsci/future/geomoon.htm Mining in Manitoba: Lunar Geology]
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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KREEP Wikipedia KREEP]
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*[http://www.asi.org/adb/06/09/03/02/089/lunar-prospector.html Artemis Data Book: Lunar Prospector]
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[[Category:Selenology]]
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[[Category:Mining]]
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[[Category:Chemistry]]
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[[Category:ISRU]]
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[[Category:Solids]]

Latest revision as of 19:19, 18 June 2015

This article is incomplete or needs more information. You can help Lunarpedia by expanding or correcting it.



KREEP is an acronym used in geochemistry to represent a mixture of K-potassium, REE-rare earth elements, and P-phosphorus. It is not only the main source of these elements on the moon, but also many other trace elements such as uranium, thorium, fluorine, chlorine, and zirconium.

Origins and Distribution

It is believed that approximately 4.5 billion years ago the earth suffered a cataclysmic collision with another solar body roughly the size of Mars. The disk of debris from this collision accreted over time to form a moon very different from the one we know today. The process was a violent one, resulting in an ocean of magma covering the entire lunar surface. Through the cooling of this ocean of magma KREEP was isolated from other lunar minerals, as explained below.

Apollo 12 KREEP sample. Click to Enlarge

KREEP is a composite of what scientists term "incompatible elements": elements which cannot fit easily into the crystal structures formed by cooling magma and tend to separate out into the remaining liquid phase. This resulted in a KREEP rich magma sandwiched between the floating anorthositic plagioclase of the lunar crust and the precipitating minerals, such as olivine, that formed the mantle. Although it was common belief that this process would form an evenly distributed global layer of KREEP magma, the Gamma Ray Spectrometer aboard Lunar Prospector shows that KREEP is mainly concentrated in the area of Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Imbrium. This unusual geological region is now referred to as the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. Deep penetrating impact basins away from this region show only modest or no KREEP concentrations in their ejecta and rims.

Thorium Distribution on the Moon. Note the high concentrations around the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. Thorium is a tracer for KREEP deposits. Click Image to Enlarge.

KREEP is kicked up in the ejecta or "splash out" produced in impacts taking place on or in close proximity to basaltic lava flows, as well as in major impacts which penetrate the crust. Some of this splash out was brought back by the Apollo 15 mission in fragments generally smaller than 1cm. These samples are believed to have originated after the impact which formed the Imbrium basin[1].

Applications

This section of the article is incomplete or needs more detail. You can help Lunarpedia by expanding or correcting it.


It is considered a convenient tracer for researchers seeking to chronicle the volcanic history of the lunar surface, as well as impacts of celestial bodies.

KREEP as an Ore

"On the Moon, elements have not been concentrated into what we would call ores through geological processing in the presence of water. We have instead "poor ores" if you can call them ores at all.

So wherever we find special concentrations, these are certainly places to consider in mining and processing operations. We will want to get beyond the new stone age on the Moon, and have a post-Flintstonian civilization :-)

So to get alloy ingredients for workable metals, nutrients for agriculture, industrial reagents and much more, special concentrations such as ilmenite and KREEP will play a vital role." - Peter Kokh

Contents of KREEP and brief list of applications

This section of the article is incomplete or needs more detail. You can help Lunarpedia by expanding or correcting it.


  • Fluorine - useful in fluorine reaction of regolith to produce oxygen
  • Sodium - industrially can be used to dope mare basalt in order to lower its melting point far enough so that it can be used as a glass matrix for glass fibers made from highland regolith with a higher melting point.
  • Potassium - can be used industrially for doping basalt (see sodium). Agriculturally it is an important component of some fertilizers. (most notably potassium phosphate)
  • Phosphorus - Also an important component in some agricultural fertilizers (most notably potassium phosphate)
  • Chlorine - useful for making hypochlorous acid used in water purification; and silicon tetrachloride which is an intermediary on the path to high purity silicon for solar cells.
  • Zirconium - uses: a refractory material, in nuclear reactors, piping for corrosive chemicals, hip and knee replacement, jewelry (cubic zirconia)
  • Thorium - Useful as a fuel in some nuclear reactors, as well as an ingredient in some super alloys
  • Uranium - A nuclear power source

Rare Earth Elements - see related article

Related Articles

External Links

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