Silicon
| Silicon | |
|---|---|
| Si | |
| In situ availability: | |
| Necessity: | |
| Atomic number: | 14 |
| Atomic mass: | 28.0855 |
| group: | 14 |
| period: | 3 |
| normal phase: | Solid |
| series: | Metalloids |
| density: | 2.33 g/cm3 |
| melting point: | 1687K, 1414°C, 2577°F |
| boiling point: | 3538K, 3265°C, 5909°F |
| B ← C → N | |
| Al ← Si → P | |
| Ga ← Ge → As | |
| Atomic radius (pm): | 110 |
| Bohr radius (pm): | 111 |
| Covalent radius (pm): | 111 |
| Van der Waals radius (pm): | 210 |
| ionic radius (pm): | (+4) 40 |
| 1st ion potential (eV): | 8.15 |
| Electron Configuration | |
| 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 | |
| Electrons Per Shell | |
| 2, 8, 4 | |
| Electronegativity: | 1.9 |
| Electron Affinity: | 1.39 |
| Oxidation states: | 4, 2 |
| Magnetism: | Nonmagnetic |
| Crystal structure: | Face centered cubic |
Silicon is a Metalloid in group 14.
It has a Face centered cubic crystalline structure.
This element has 3 stable isotopes: 28, 29, and 30.
Silicon is the second most common element in the lunar crust (after oxygen). Silicon on the moon is most commonly found in the form of the silicate ion, SiO4+4. Most lunar rocks are in the form of silicates.
In elemental form, silicon is a semimetal; in purified form, it is a semiconductor which is used for semiconductor electronic devices. Wafers of single-crystal silicon may be used to make solar cells. An alloy of siicon and hydrogen, amorphous silicon (sometimes abbreviated to a-Si) is also used as a material for thin-film solar cells, which are lower in cost, but also lower in efficiency.
The primary oxide of silicon is silica, SiO2; the oxide SiO also exists, and in general, a silicon oxide may be any mixture of these, with an empirical formula SiOx. Silica is a transparent solid which may be found in crystalline or amorphous form. Silica or silicate is the primary constituent of glass. While a form of glass can be made from pure silica, the very high melting temperature of silica makes high-silica glass difficult to work with, and almost all commonly used glass contains other components. On Earth, sodium oxide is usually added to form low-cost soda-lime glass (commonly called window glass); boron oxides may then added to form the higher-cost borosilicate glass, which has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion and hence may be used in applications involving heating and cooling. Many other specialized glass formulations exist, which use silica.
Organic silicon compounds, known as silicones, are flexible compounds sometimes used as sealing materials.
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