Difference between revisions of "Oxygen"

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'''LUNOX''' is short for ''Lun''ar ''Ox''ygen, which is oxygen harvested from resources available on the moon.  Oxygen is a major requirement for sustaining any human presence on the lunar surface, useful both for life support and also as a major component of rocket fuel.  Lunar Oxygen production is one category of [[In Situ Resource Utilization]], or ''ISRU''.
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{{Element                                                                                          |
==Oxygen==
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name=Oxygen                                                                                         |
{|
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symbol=O                                                                                            |
| Atomic symbol: || O ||
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available=abundant                                                                                  |
|-
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need=critical                                                                                      |
| Atomic number: || 8 ||
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number=8                                                                                            |
|-
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mass=15.9994                                                                                        |
| Group: || 16 ||
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group=16                                                                                            |
|-
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period=2                                                                                            |
| Period: || 2 ||
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phase=Gas                                                                                          |
|-
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series=Non-metals                                                                                  |
| Series: || Chalcogens ||
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density=1.429 g/L                                                                                  |
|-
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melts=54.36K,<BR/>-218.79°C,<BR/>-361.82°F                                            |
|}
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boils=0.20K,<BR/>-182.95°C,<BR/>-297.31°F                                            |
<BR/>
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isotopes=16<BR/>17<BR/>18                                                              |
==Methods of LUNOX Production==
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prior=[[Nitrogen|<FONT color="#7F7FFF">N</FONT>]]                            |
Most of the methods of lunar oxygen production envision the [[reduction]] of lunar [[regolith]] or rocks to liberate oxygen, although another possible method of harvesting oxygen is to free small amounts of trapped gas from soil by heating. Reduction methods include:
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next=[[Fluorine|<FONT color="#7F7FFF">F</FONT>]]                              |
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above=<SMALL><FONT color="#7F7F7F">N/A</FONT></SMALL>            |
 +
aprior=<SMALL><FONT color="#7F7F7F">N/A</FONT></SMALL>            |
 +
anext=<SMALL><FONT color="#7F7F7F">N/A</FONT></SMALL>            |
 +
below=[[Sulfur|<FONT color="#7F7FFF">S</FONT>]]                              |
 +
bprior=[[Phosphorus|<FONT color="#7F7FFF">P</FONT>]]                          |
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bnext=[[Chlorine|<FONT color="#7F7FFF">Cl</FONT>]]                            |
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radius=60                                                                                          |
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bohr=48                                                                                            |
 +
covalent=73                                                                                        |
 +
vdwr=152                                                                                            |
 +
irad=(-2) 140                                                                                      |
 +
ipot=13.62                                                                                          |
 +
econfig=1s<sup>2</sup> <br/>2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>4</sup> |
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eshell=2, 6                                                                                        |
 +
enega=3.44                                                                                          |
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eaffin=1.46                                                                                        |
 +
oxstat=-2                                                                                          |
 +
magn=Paramagnetic                                                                                  |
 +
cryst=Cubic                                                                                        |
 +
}}
 +
'''Oxygen''' is a Non-metal in group 16.
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It has a Cubic crystalline structure.
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This element has 3 stable isotopes: 16, 17, and 18. 
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<BR/><BR/>
 +
 
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==Lunar Production and Use==
 +
Oxygen production from lunar sources (sometimes referred to as '''LUNOX''') is a critical element of any plan involving long term human presence on Luna. Oxygen is required for both life support and rocket fuel, and as such would be needed in large quantities. Lunar Oxygen production is one category of [[In Situ Resource Utilization]](''ISRU'').
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Oxygen makes up about 45% of the moons crust by weight, and virtually every substance on the moons surface is an oxide. As such, production of nearly anything other than oxygen from lunar resources will produce substantial amounts of oxygen as a byproduct. In addition, free (not bound chemically with other elements) oxygen exists in the lunar soil, albeit in small quantities.
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Processes which produce oxygen from lunar sources include:
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*Aluminum reduction
 
*Aluminum reduction
 
*Carbothermal reduction
 
*Carbothermal reduction
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*[[Volatiles|Volatile Extraction]]
 
*[[Fluorine reaction]]
 
*[[Fluorine reaction]]
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*[[Magma electrolysis]]
 
*[[Ilmenite Reduction]]
 
*[[Ilmenite Reduction]]
*[[Magma electrolysis]]
 
 
*Methane reduction
 
*Methane reduction
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*hydrogen reduction of glass
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*sulfuric acid dissolution/electrolysis
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*ion sputtering.
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 +
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== Related Pages ==
 +
*[[In Situ Resource Utilization]]
  
In any Lunox production sequence, it is necessary that all reactants are returned to the initial state.
 
  
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
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*[http://www.moonminer.com/Moondust_index.html Lunar processing links from David Dietzler]
 
*[http://www.moonminer.com/Moondust_index.html Lunar processing links from David Dietzler]
 
*[http://www.magicdragon.com/ComputerFutures/SpacePublications/llox-footnoted.html LLOX automated production summary (1990)]
 
*[http://www.magicdragon.com/ComputerFutures/SpacePublications/llox-footnoted.html LLOX automated production summary (1990)]
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* ''The Moon: Resources, Future Development, and Colonization'' by David Schrunk, Burton Sharpe, Bonnie Cooper and Madhu Thangavelu - appendix E covers a wide range of oxygen extraction methods.
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<BR/><BR/>
 +
 +
==References==
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 +
One reference useful as an overview is The Moon: Resources, Future Development, and Colonization, by David Schrunk, Burton Sharpe, Bonnie Cooper and Madhu Thangavelu.
 +
 +
From review by Arthur Smith on ADB:  "In particular Appendix E's coverage of oxygen extraction is extremely thorough, and the authors, while finding it somewhat difficult to directly compare techniques, find 4 of the approaches worthy of considerable further research: hydrogen reduction of glass, magma electrolysis, sulfuric acid dissolution/electrolysis, and ion sputtering."
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[[Category:Paramagnetic Elements]]
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[[Category:Gases]]
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[[Category:Non-metals]]
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[[Category:Critical and Essential Elements]]
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[[Category:Abundant Elements]]
  
<BR/><BR/><BR/>
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<!-- Generated by a gamma candidate version of Autostub2 (Test 9) -->
[[Category:Life Support (Air Supply)]]
 
[[Category:Chemistry]]
 
{{Stub}}
 

Latest revision as of 08:59, 29 September 2011

Oxygen
O
In situ availability: abundant
Necessity: critical
Atomic number: 8
Atomic mass: 15.9994
group: 16
period: 2
normal phase: Gas
series: Non-metals
density: 1.429 g/L
melting point: 54.36K,
-218.79°C,
-361.82°F
boiling point: 0.20K,
-182.95°C,
-297.31°F
N/AN/AN/A
N ← O → F
PSCl
Atomic radius (pm): 60
Bohr radius (pm): 48
Covalent radius (pm): 73
Van der Waals radius (pm): 152
ionic radius (pm): (-2) 140
1st ion potential (eV): 13.62
Electron Configuration
1s2
2s2 2p4
Electrons Per Shell
2, 6
Electronegativity: 3.44
Electron Affinity: 1.46
Oxidation states: -2
Magnetism: Paramagnetic
Crystal structure: Cubic

Oxygen is a Non-metal in group 16. It has a Cubic crystalline structure. This element has 3 stable isotopes: 16, 17, and 18.

Lunar Production and Use

Oxygen production from lunar sources (sometimes referred to as LUNOX) is a critical element of any plan involving long term human presence on Luna. Oxygen is required for both life support and rocket fuel, and as such would be needed in large quantities. Lunar Oxygen production is one category of In Situ Resource Utilization(ISRU).

Oxygen makes up about 45% of the moons crust by weight, and virtually every substance on the moons surface is an oxide. As such, production of nearly anything other than oxygen from lunar resources will produce substantial amounts of oxygen as a byproduct. In addition, free (not bound chemically with other elements) oxygen exists in the lunar soil, albeit in small quantities.

Processes which produce oxygen from lunar sources include:


Related Pages


External Links



References

One reference useful as an overview is The Moon: Resources, Future Development, and Colonization, by David Schrunk, Burton Sharpe, Bonnie Cooper and Madhu Thangavelu.

From review by Arthur Smith on ADB: "In particular Appendix E's coverage of oxygen extraction is extremely thorough, and the authors, while finding it somewhat difficult to directly compare techniques, find 4 of the approaches worthy of considerable further research: hydrogen reduction of glass, magma electrolysis, sulfuric acid dissolution/electrolysis, and ion sputtering."